Microbiology Exam 4 Multiple Choice, Exam 4 Micro Bio (old exams)

Microbiology Exam 4 Multiple Choice, Exam 4 Micro Bio (old exams) Opportunistic pathogens: A. Cause disease in every individual B. Cause disease in compromised individuals C. Are always pathogens D. Have well-developed virulence factors E. None of the choices are correct B. causes disease in compromised individuals Which of the following is not a method of adhesion for bacteria? A. Fimbriae B. Adhesive slime or capsules C. Specialized ligands or receptors D. Cilia E. Flagella D. cilia Which is mismatched? A. Fimbriae - adherence to substrate B. Endotoxin - affects intestines C. Capsules - antiphagocytic factor D. Leukocidins - damage white blood cells E. Hemolysins - damage red blood cells B. Endotoxin- affects intestines An acute infection is: A. An infection that spreads to several tissue sites B. An infection where several agents establish at the infection site C. An infection with rapid onset of severe, short-lived symptoms D. An infection where the pathogen remains at or near the entry site E. An infection that occurs after infection by another agent C. an infection with rapid onset of severe, short-lived symptoms Which is mismatched? A. Mutualism - obligate relationship that benefits both partners B. Amensalism - relationship where one organism produces a metabolite that harms the other C. Commensalism - relationship where one party is helped and the other is neither harmed nor help D. Cooperation - obligate relationship where both partners benefit E. Predation - relationship where one organism benefits while the other is harmed (and likely killed) D. cooperation- obligate relationship where both partners benefit If you contracted Borrellia burgdorferi (causative agent of Lyme Disease) from a tick bite, this would be an example of ____________ transmission A. Vector-borne B. Vehicle-borne C. Airborne D. Fomite E. Non-contact A. vector-borne In contrast to #9, if you contracted Salmonella typhi (causative agent of Typhoid fever) from eating contaminated chicken prepared by someone with questionable hygiene, this would be an example of __________ transmission A. Vehicle-borne B. Contact C. Vector-borne D. Fomite E. Airborne A. vehicle- born Nonspecific chemical defenses from infection include which of the following? A. Lysozyme B. Skin's acidic pH and fatty acids C. Stomach hydrochloric acid D. Lactic acid and electrolytes of sweat E. All of the choices are correct E. all of the choices are correct The blood cells that function in allergic reactions and inflammation, downregulate the activity of vasodilators, and particularly target parasitic worms and fungi are: A. Basophils B. Eosinophils C. Neutrophils D. Monocytes E. Macrophages B. basophils Which of the following cells are professional phagocytes A. Neutrophils B. T-cells C. B-cells D. Basophils E. Eosinphils A. neutrophils The four classic signs and symptoms of inflammation include all the following except: A. Rubor (redness) B. Calor (warmth) C. Dolor (pain) D. Tumor (swelling) E. Mordor (sorrow) E. mordor (sorrow) The leakage of excess vascular fluid into tissues is called: A. Chemotaxis B. Diapedesis C. Vasoactivity D. Edema E. Pus D. edema The circulating substances that affect the hypothalamus and initiate fever are: A. Complement B. Interferons C. Leukotrienes D. Pyrogens E. Lysozymes D. pyrogens Which of the following is a chemical used by phagocytes to destroy ingested foreign substances? A. Hydrogen peroxide B. Nitric oxide C. Lactic acid D. Superoxide anion E. All of these are used E. all of these are used A foreign molecule that causes a specific immune response is a/an: A. PAMP B. Marker C. Hapten D. Antigen E. Antibody D. antigen Helper T cells: A. Secrete antibodies B. Function in allergic reactions C. Activate B cells and other T cells D. Suppress immune reactions E. Directly destroy target cells C. activate b cells and other t cells Major histocompatibility molecules are found on each of the following cells except: A. Leukocytes B. Eosinophils C. Epithelial cells D. Red blood cells E. Macrophages D. red blood cells The monomer subunit of immunoglobin molecules has all the following except: A. Two identical heavy polypeptide chains B. Two identical light polypeptide chains C. Disulfide bonds between polypeptide chains D. Four antigen binding sites E. A variable and constant region on each polypeptide chain D. disulfide bonds between polypeptide chains Which of the following is not true of the antigen-independent period of lymphocyte development? A. Lymphocytes form from stem cells in the bone marrow B. Random genetic rearrangements occur to produce different surface protein receptors C. Mature lymphocytes populate lymphatic organs and encounter antigens D. Lymphocytes with specificity for self are destroyed E. Many lymphocytes with different specificities are formed C. mature lymphocytes populate lymphatic organs and encounter antigens Antigen-presenting cells: A. Include dendritic cells B. Include macrophages C. Engulf and modify antigen to be more immunogenic D. Hold and present processed antigen on their cell membrane surface E. All of the choices are correct E. all of the choices are correct Which is mismatched? A. Neutralization - antibodies prevent attachment of microbes to host surfaces B. Opsonization - antibodies coat microbes to aid in recognition by phagocytes C. Complement fixation - antibodies aid initiation of the complement pathway D. Agglutination - antibodies neutralize bacterial toxins E. Precipitation - antibodies bind many antigens creating a large molecule that is more easily recognized by phagocytes D. agglutination- antibodies neutralize bacterial toxins Viruses have all of the following except A. definite shape B. metabolism C. genes D. the ability to infect host cells E. ultramicroscopic size B. metabolism Viruses acquire envelopes around their nucleocapsids during A. replication B. assembly C. adsorption D. release E. penetration D. release Viral tissue specificities are called A. ranges B. virions C. receptacles D. tropisms E. uncoating D. tropisms During lysogeny, an inactive prophage state occurs when the viral DNA is inserted into the A. host cytoplasm B. host nucleus C. host nucleolus D. host DNA E. host cell membrane D. host DNA Infection occurs when A. contaminants are present on the skin B. a person swallows microbes in/on food C. a person inhales microbes in the air D. pathogens enter and multiply in body tissues E. All of the choices are correct D. pathogens enter and multiply in body tissues Components of the first line of defense include all the following except A. the tough cell sheet of the upper epidermis of the skin B. nasal hairs C. flushing action of tears and blinking D. injury and mast cells releasing chemical mediators E. activation of the complement system D. injury and mast cells releasing chemical mediators A bacterium acquiring a new trait from a bacteriophage is a phenomenon called A. the cytopathic effect B. lytic conversion C. lysogenic conversion D. in vitro cultivation C. lysogenic conversion The main function of the reticuloendothelial system is to provide A. surveillance of the body B. a connection between tissues and organs C. filtration of extracellular fluid D. filtration of blood E. all of these choices are correct B. a connection between tissues and organs The progeny cells of a B-cell clone are called A. antibodies B. sensitized T-cells C. activated macrophages D. plasma cells E. bursa cells D. plasma cells One of the advantages of specific immunity is the production of ____ that provide long-lasting protection A. antibodies B. plasma cells C. Helper T-cells D. memory cells E. phagocytotic cells D. memory cells Edward Jenners work involved... A. inoculation of dried pus from smallpox postulates into a person to stimulate immunity B. development of passive immunotherapy C. development of an immunization to protect people against cowpox D. immunization using a related, less pathogenic organism to give protection against a more pathogenic one E. All of these choices are correct D. immunization using a related, less pathogenic organism to give protection against a more pathogenic one Acellular vaccines and subunit vaccines A. contain modified bacterial exotoxin molecules B. are always genetically engineered C. contain select antigeni components of a pathogen rather than whole cells or viruses D. confer passive immunity E. utilize DNA strands that will produce the antigen C. contain select antigentic components of a pathogen rather than whole cells or viruses The cellular basis for bacterial resistance to antimicrobials include A. bacterial chromosomal mutations B. synthesis of enzymes that alter drug structure C. prevention of drug entry into the cell D. alteration of drug receptors on cell targets E. All of these choices are correct E. all of the above are correct Host range of a virus is limited by type of host cell receptors on cell membrane The human body typically begins to be colonized by its normal biota during and immediently after birth Pathogenic microbes that cause disease in healthy people are called true pathogens The time from when a pathogen first enters the body and begins to multiple, until symptoms appear is called the incubation period What is mismatched? secondary infection- infection spreads to several tissue sites The chemical found in tears and saliva that hydrolyzes the peptidoglycan in certain bacterial cell walls is lysozyme A properly functioning immune system is responsible for all of the above Surveillance of the body Recognition of foreign materiel destruction of foreign materiel The main function of the reticuloendothelial system is to provide a connection between tissues and organs Which protein can be produced by a virus infected cell, in order to communicate with other cells the need to produce antiviral proteins interfeton The progeny cells of B-cell clone are called plasma cells Lymphocytes ALL OF THE ABOVE Cytotoxic T Cells secrete granzymes and perforins that damage target cells One of the advantages of specific immunity is the production of ___ that provide long lasting protection memory cells Edward Jenner work involved immunization using a related, less pathogenic organism too give protection against a more pathogenic one Joseph is a 6 year old male..... which of the following explanations tells you why Joseph became infected with chicken pox in the first time? There is no way Joseph could have been protected from the infection, since he did not receive active artificial immunity through the form of a vaccine. The cellular basis for bacterial resistance to antimicrobial include ALL OF THE ABOVE Helical and icosahedral are terms used to describe the shape of virus capsid all of the following pertain to virus envelopes except are located between the capsid and nucleic acid Viral nucleic acids include which of the following? all of the above (ds DNA, ss DNA, ds RNA, ss RNA) Which of the following occurs during assembly? Both a and c (nucleocapsid is formed and viral spikes insert in host cell membrane ) The event that occurs in bacteriophage multiplication that does not occur in animal virus replication is injection of only the viral nucleic acid into the host cell Normal biota includes each of the following except all of the above (bacteria, fungi, protozoans, viruses) the minimum amount of microbes in the innoculating dose is the infectious dose _____ are toxins that are the lipopolysaccharide of the outer membrane of gram-negative cell walls endotoxins Virulence factors include all of the following except Ribosomes Nonspecific chemical defenses include all of the above The four classic signs and symptoms of inflammation including all the following except chills Which of the following is not a chief function of inflammation cause a fever Which of the following is a chemical used by phagocytes to destroy ingested foreign substances All of the above A foreign molecule that causes a specific immune response is a antigen Plasma cells secrete antibodies All nucleated cells contain____ class I MHC Which protein can be produced by a virus-infected cell, in order to communicate with other cells the need to produce antiviral proteins Interferon lymphocytes all of the above Acellular vaccines and subunit vaccines contain select antigen components of a pathogen rather than whole cells or viruses If Joseph's mother previously had her son vaccinated against chickenpox, what form of immunity would he have had? active artificial Selective toxicity refers to damage to the target organism but not host cells The cellular basic for bacterial resistance to antimicrobial include all of the above viruses have all the following except metabolism One of the principal capsid shapes is a 20-sided figure with 12 evenly spaced corners referred to as a ___ capsid. icosahedral Viruses acquire envelopes around their nucleocapsids during assembly Viral tissues specifities are called ranges During lysogeny, an active prophage state occurs when the viral DNA is inserted into the host DNA Infection occurs when pathogens enter and multiply in body tissues Resident biota are found in/on skin,mouth,large intestine, all of the choices are correct ___ are toxins that are the lipopolysaccharides of the outer membrane of gram-negative cell walls endotoxins Virulence factors include all the following except ribosomes Components of the first line of defense include all of the following except phagocytic white blood cells What is the first step in the major events of the inflammation process injury and mast cells releasing chemical mediators What type of molecules act to draw phagocytes to foreign substances PAMPs During what process are hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide produced to destroy bacteria and inhibit viral replication phagocytosis which protein can be produced by a virus-infected cell, inorder to communicate with other cells the need to produce antiviral proteins? interferon Acquired specific immunity involves the response of B and T lymphocytes