Microbiology A Systems Approach Exam 1 Questions and Answers

Microbiology A Systems Approach Exam 1 Questions and Answers Microbiology The study of living things too small to be seen without magnification Bioremediation Introduction of microbes into the environment to resort stability or clean up toxic pollutants such as oil spills or chemical spills, or for use in water and sewage treatment Examples of human use of microbiology: biotechnology - Recombinant DNA Technology Allows microbes to be engineered to synthesize desirable proteins (i.e. drugs, hormones, and enzymes) General characteristics of Prokaryotic organisms About 10x smaller than eukaryotes. Lack nucleus, organelles. Have a cell wall. All are microorganisms. General characteristics of Eukaryotic organisms About 10 x bigger than prokaryotes. Have organelles and nucleus Lack cell wall. Not all are microorganisms General characteristics of Viruses Not independently living cellular organisms. Much simpler than cells - basically a small amount of DNA or RNA wrapped in protein and sometimes by a lipid membrane (envelope). Individual are referred to as a virus particle or virion. Depend on the infected cell's machinery to multiply and disperse. Louis Pasteur Discovered Pasteurization Developed the Germ Theory of Disease Robert Koch Verified Germ Theory Developed Koch's Postulates Koch's Postulates Disease is always in sick, not healthy Isolate microorganism Infection with pure microbes results in disease Re-isoalte microorganism from infected individuals Major groups of microbes Bacteria, Algae, Protozoa, Archaea, Helminths, Viruses Virus Non-cellular, parasitic, protein-coated genetic elements that can infect all living things, including other microbes Major types of Prokaryotes Bacteria, Archaea Major types of Eukaryotes Fungi, Algae, Protozoa, Helminths Bacteriology Study of Prokaryotes Mycology Study of Fungi Phycology Study of Algae Protozoology Study of Protozoa Virology Study of Viruses Immunology Study of the immune system Taxonomy The science and classification of living things acelluar viruses The earliest organisms found in the fossil record Microbes Prokaryote Cells lacking special structures such as a nucleus and organelles. All prokaryotes are microorganisms Eukaryote A cell that has a a nuclear membrane (a well-defined nucleus), membrane-bounded subcellular organelles, and mitotic cell division. photosynthesis light-fueled conversion of carbon dioxide to organic material, accompanied by formation of oxygen (first occurred in bacteria) decomposition the breakdown of dead matter and wastes into simple compounds that can be directed back into natural cycles of living things pathogens microbes that cause disease archaea prokaryotic, single-celled organisms that can live in extreme environments biotechnology use of microbes or their products for commercial or industrial purposes deductive process used when a general principle has already been established inductive process discovery process; leads to the creation of a general principle Microbiology The study of living things too small to be seen without magnification Sub-diciplines of microbiology Bacteriology, Mycology, Phycology, Protozoology, Virology, Immunology Examples of human use of microbiology: industrial Production of important compounds like antibiotics, MSG, and ethanol Human use of microbiology in food yeast for beer, bread; formation of alcohol for beverages Human use of microbiology in biotechnology - specifically in genetic engineering Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs), creation of new products Bioremediation Introduction of microbes into the environment to resort stability or clean up toxic pollutants such as oil spills or chemical spills, or for use in water and sewage treatment Examples of human use of microbiology: biotechnology - Recombinant DNA Technology Allows microbes to be engineered to synthesize desirable proteins (i.e. drugs, hormones, and enzymes) General characteristics of Prokaryotic organisms About 10x smaller than eukaryotes. Lack nucleus, organelles. Have a cell wall. All are microorganisms. General characteristics of Eukaryotic organisms About 10 x bigger than prokaryotes. Have organelles and nucleus Lack cell wall. Not all are microorganisms General characteristics of Viruses Not independently living cellular organisms. Much simpler than cells - basically a small amount of DNA or RNA wrapped in protein and sometimes by a lipid membrane (envelope). Individual are referred to as a virus particle or vision. Depend on the infected cell's machinery to multiply and disperse. Louis Pasteur Discovered Pasteurization Developed the Germ Theory of Disease Robert Koch Verified Germ Theory Developed Koch's Postulates Koch's Postulates Disease is always in sick, not healthy Isolate microorganism Infection with pure microbes results in disease Re-isoalte microorganism from infected individuals Major groups of microbes Bacteria, Algae, Protozoa, Archaea, Helminths, Viruses Virus Non-cellular, parasitic, protein-coated genetic elements that can infect all living things, including other microbes Major types of Prokaryotes Bacteria, Archaea Major types of Eukaryotes Fungi, Algae, Protozoa, Helminths Bacteriology Study of Prokaryotes Mycology Study of Fungi Phycology Study of Algae Protozoology Study of Protozoa Virology Study of Viruses Immunology Study of the immune system Taxonomy The science and classification of living things acelluar viruses The earliest organisms found in the fossil record Microbes Prokaryote Cells lacking special structures such as a nucleus and organelles. All prokaryotes are microorganisms Eukaryote A cell that has a a nuclear membrane (a well-defined nucleus), membrane-bounded subcellular organelles, and mitotic cell division. What is the proper name for the specialized area of biology that deals with living things ordinarily too small to be seen with the naked eye? Microbiology Microorganisms that carry out photosynthesis include Algae and bacteria Recently, microorganisms have been used to clean up spills in the oceans of the world. This is an example of Bioremediation The term pathogenic refers to microorganisms that are Harmful When we look at infectious disease statistics for the global human population as a whole (refer to table 1.2 shown in lecture), we find the number one cause of death caused by a microorganism is...? Influenza and respiratory infections Parasites require what? A host Koch's postulates are criteria used to establish that A specific microbe is the cause of a specific disease Name the levels of classification in order from most inclusive to least inclusive? Did King Phillip Come Over For Good Soup Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species True or False: The top three causes of death in the United States are due to infectious diseases False What makes microbiology both easy and difficult to study? Microbes reproduce rapidly and in large populations, but they can't be seen directly What are the 6 major types of microorganisms? Bacteria Algae Protozoa Helminths Fungi Viruses What does medical microbiology include? Microbes that cause diseases in humans and animals What is a Eukaryote? Means "true nucleus" Has a nucleus. What is a Prokaryote? Means "pre nucleus" Does not have a nucleus. What does the statement "bacteria are ubiquitous" mean? Bacteria are everywhere. Photosynthetic microorganisms account for how much of the earth's photosynthesis? 70% What type of photosynthesis do bacteria perform? anoxygenic photosynthesis What two microorganisms perform decomposition? Bacteria and fungi What is biotechnology? Manipulation of microorganisms to make products in an industrial setting. What is genetic engineering? Manipulation of the genetics of microbes, plants, and animals for the purpose of creating new products and genetically modified organisms. Recombinant DNA technology Techniques that allow the transfer of genetic material from one organism to another and diliberately alter DNA. Bioremediation Introduction of microbes into the environment to restore stability or to clean up toxic pollutants. What is a pathogen? Any agent such as a virus, bacterium, fungus, protozoan, or helminth that causes disease. Malaria is caused by an intracellular parasite called Plasmodium (Protozoa) What is the number one killer of people? Malaria Bacterial and Archaeal cells are how much smaller than eukaryotic cells? 10x Who was the first to view microbes? Robert Hooke in the 1600's coined the word cell Who made the first microscope? Antonie von Leeuwenhoek What did John Tyndell find out? Microbes are everywhere and have high heat resistance. What did Ferdinand Cohn discover? Bacterial endospores What is sterile? Completely free of life What did Robert Koch discover? Linked specific microorganisms with specific diseases Germ theory What did Holmes and Semmelweis discover? People will get sick if you don't wash your hands. What did Lister discover? First to utilize hand washing and misting operation rooms with antiseptic chemicals. What did Pasteur discover? Showed that human diseases could derive from infection. Invented pasteurization. When was Polymerase Chain Reaction invented? 1980's How do you name an organism? Genus species (italicized or if handwritten, underlined) Called Binomial Naming System What did Woese and Fox discover? Studied the ribosome Proposed the use of the term Archaea Proposed three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya Identify the major technique that refers to the placement of bacteria into a medium such as broth, blood, or a fertilized egg in order to facilitate growth. Inoculation