Introduction to Microbiology - study guide 1 Questions and Answers

Introduction to Microbiology - study guide 1 Questions and Answers What is a Microorganism and what living things fall into this catagory? microscopic organisms that are not observed without magnification. i.e. bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, algae, helminths What role do microbes play in nutrient cycling? microbes such as bacteria and fungi help to decompose or breakdown dead matter and wastes into simple compounds that can be used by other living things How are prokayotic cells different from eukaryotic cells? Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus and the DNA is free floating. Eukaryotic cells have DNA inside nucleus and organelles What microbes are prokaryotes and which are eukaryotes? Bacteria is a prokaryote. Algae, fungi, protozoa, and helminths are eukaryotes Viruses are not a cell, but they are microscopic and cause diseases. they are small particles. What was the theory of spontaneous generation? A theory that certain living things arose from vital forces present in non-living or decomposing matter. What is taxonomy? formal system of organizing, classifying, and naming living things What are the seven major taxa? Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species In the binomial system of nomenclature, what are the two components of an organism's scientific name, and how is this name commonly written ? The scientific name is a combination of the generic (genus) name followed by the species name. The generic name is capitalized and the species part begins with a lowercase letter. Outline the important contributions microorganisms make to the earth's ecosystems - Shaped the development of earth's habitats and influenced the evolution of other life forms - scientists study microorganisms and their relationship with ecological things such as soil and water -much of earth's greenhouse gases are produced by microorganisms - microorganisms are a major contribution to weathering, mineral extraction, and soil fermentation - microorganisms assist plants with getting nutrients and water and protect against diseases Identify the groups of microorganisms included in the scope of microbiology, and explain the criteria for including these groups in the field. Bacteria, Fungi, Algae, Viruses, Protozoa, Helminths. Mostly deals with things that can only be viewed under a microscope; Protozoa & Helminths aren't microscopic, but they can carry diseases that would require a microscope to observe them. Distinguish between emerging diseases and reemerging infectious diseases and explain what factors contribute to their development Emerging- newly identified conditions that are being reported in increasing numbers Reemerging- older, well known diseases that are increasing in occurance - The capacity of microbes to adapt to alterations in the individual, community, and environment contribute to their development. What is a hypothesis? a tentative explanation of what has been observed or measured. What is a theory? a collection of statements, propositions, or concepts that explains or accounts for a natural event. What is the main difference between a theory and a hypothesis? a hypothesis is a suggested explanation to something a theory has been tested and well proven What is a law? A theory that has stood true under numerous tests and scrutiny and has become so true that it can be thought of as a law What are the 5 commonly recognized kingdoms and what types of organisms are grouped into each one? Plants (plantae) - angiosperms, gymnosperms, ferns, mosses, seed plants Fungi (myceteae) - basidiomycetes, ascomycetes, zygomycetes Animals (animalia) - cnidarians, mollusks, annelids, arthropods, chordates, echinoderms, nematodes, flatworms, sponges Protists (protista) - dinoflagellates, diatoms, brown algae, red algae, green algae, flagellates, ciliates, amoebas, apicomplexans Monerans (Monera) - Archaea, Bacteria Who is Antonie van Leeuwenhoek? Invented the single lens microscope Who is Francesco Redi? One of the first people to test the spontaneous generation theory Who is Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes ? An American physician who observed that mothers who gave birth at home experienced fewer infections than those who did at the hospital Who is Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis? Clearly showed that women became infected in the maternity ward after examination by physicians coming directly from the autopsy room Who is Joseph Lister? Took notice of Semmelweis and Holmes observations and was the first to introduce antiseptic techniques aimed at reducing microbes in a medical setting and preventing wound infection Who is Louis Pasteur ? An acclaimed microbiologist. Discovered the principals of vaccination, microbial fermentation, and pasteurization Who is Robert Koch? Linked a microscopic organism with a specific disease. What does it mean to say microbes are ubiquitous? They are everywhere. They live in most of the world's habitats and are necessary for balanced life on earth. Which of the following is not considered a mircoorganism? a. archaeon b. bacterium c. protozoan d. mushroom d. mushroom An area of microbiology that is concerned with the occurrence of disease in human populations is ? a. immunology b. parasitology d. epidemiology e. bioremedation c. epidemiology which process involved the deliberate alteration of an organism's genetic material? a. bioremediation b. biotechnology c. decomposition d. recombinant DNA d. recombinant DNA a prominent difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is the a. larger size of prokaryotes b. lack of pigmentation in eukaryotes c. presence of a nucleus in eukaryotes d. presence of a cell wall in prokaryotes c. presence of a nucleous in eukaryotes which of the following parts was absent from Leeuwenhoek's microscope? a. focusing screw b. specimen holder c. lens d. condenser d. condenser Abiogenesis refers to the a. spontaneous generation of organisms from nonliving matter b. development of life forms from preexisiting life forms c. development of aseptic technique d. germ theory of disease a. spontaneous generation of organisms from nonliving matter a hypothesis can be defined as a. a belief based on knowledge b. knowledge based on belief c. a scientific explanation that is subject to testing d. a theory that has been thoroughly tested c. scientific explanation that is subject to testing which early microbiologist was most responsible for developing standard microbiology laboratory techniques ? a. Louis Pasteur b. Robert Koch c. Carl von Linne d. John Tyndall b. Robert Koch Which scientist is most responsible for finally laying the theory of spontaneous generation to rest ? a. Joseph Lister b. Robert Koch c. Francesco Redi d. Louis Pasteur d. Louis Pasteur When a hypothesis has been thoroughly supported by long term study and data it is considered? a. a law b. a speculation c. a thoery. d. proved c. a theory What is the correct order of taxonomic catagories from most specific to most general? Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain Which of the following are Prokayotic? a. bacteria b. archaea c. protists d. both a & b d. both a & b how would you categorize a virus? a. as prokaryotic b. as eukaryotic c. as an archaeon d. none of these choices d. none of these choices; not cellular and not alive By definition, organisms in the same _____ are more closely related than are those in the same ______. a. order, family b. class, phylum c. family, genus d. phylum, division b. class, phylum