Microbiology Exam 1 Questions and Answers

Microbiology Exam 1 Questions and Answers What is microbiology? The study of organisms too small to be seen without magnification List the names of the different types of microorganisms. Bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, multi-cellular parasites, algae, prions, viruses Describe viruses. Acellular (non living), parasitic particles composed of a nucleic acid and protein What are some examples of how microbes help us? Help us by decompose organic waste, perform photosynthesis, provide some nutrition to the host,produce drugs and other products used for disease treatment, produce acetone, vinegar, cheese, and bread. (Food production, infection, decomposition of organic molecules) Robert Hooke's contribution to microbiology. Described the first "cell" Anton van Leeuwenhoek contribution to microbiology. Observed the first microbes Edward Jenner contribution to microbiology. First person to perform successful vaccination (against small pox) Rudolf Virchow contribution to microbiology. Gave rise to the cell theory Louis Pasteur contribution to microbiology. Showed microbes are responsible for fermentation. The Father of Microbiology. Robert Koch contribution to microbiology. Came up with postulates which shows that a specific microbe causes a specific disease Joseph Lister contribution to microbiology. 1st person to perform sterile field surgery (aseptic technique) Alexander Fleming contribution to microbiology. Discovered first antibiotic (penicillin) Carolus Linnaeus contribution to microbiology. Established the system of scientific nomenclature What is biogenesis? Living organisms arise from preexisting life What is spontaneous generation? Living organisms arise from nonliving matter; a "vital force" forms life List the order of organisms from most to least inclusive. (Did King Phillip Come Over For Green Spaghetti) Domain Kingdom Phylum (or division) Class Order Family Genus Species What groups make up the domain system? Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya How is a scientific name of a species written? Genus (1st letter capitalized) Species (lowercase) Italicized or underlined What are the subatomic particles of the atom and where are each located? Protons- Nucleus Neutrons- Nucleus Electrons- Outer shell What are the three types of chemical bonds between atoms? Covalent bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrogen bonds. Describe a covalent bond. Electrons shared among atoms. Polar covalent bonds- unequal sharing Nonpolar covalent bonds- equal sharing What is stronger covalent or ionic bonds? Covalent What is the difference between polar and nonpolar bonds? Polar covalent- unequal sharing Nonpolar covalent- equal sharing Describe ionic bonds. Electrons are transferred to 1 atom. Cations- Positive charge Anions- Negative charge What are the charges of cations and anions? Cations- positive Anions- negative What happens if you loose 1 anion? Becomes more positive What happens if you gain 1 anion? Becomes more negative Describe a hydrogen bond. Weak bonds between hydrogen and other atoms. What is the weakest bond? A hydrogen bond A+B=AB is an example of what kind of reaction? Synthesis AB=A+B is an example of what kind of reaction? Decomposition A+BC= AC+B Exchange reaction (single or double displacement) What is the definition of oxidation? Oxidation is loss of electrons What is the definition of reduction? Reduction is the gain of electrons What makes a solution acidic? What makes a solution basic? Acidic is an increase in [H+] Basic is an increase in [OH-] Acidic numbers are 0-7 Basic numbers are 7-14 What are the monomers to the 4 main groups of macro molecules? Carbohydrates- glucose/monosaccharide Lipids- Fatty acids Proteins- Amino Acids Nucleic Acids- Nucleotide What is the function of carbohydrates? Cell structure (peptidoglycan), adhesion, and metabolism What is the function of lipids? Triglycerides- energy storage Phospholipid- major cell membrane component Steroids/membrane lipids- cell membrane component What is the function of proteins? Support (cytoskeleton), enzymes (speed up chemical reactions), transport (carry things in and out of cell), defense (antibodies), and movement (flagella). What is the function of nucleic acids? Store and transmit genetic information How are macromoleucles formed? Dehydration synthesis (removing water) How are macromolecules separated? Hydrolysis (adding water) What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats? Saturated- solid at room temperature, found mostly in animals, and no double between carbons. Unsaturated- liquid at room temperature, found mostly in plants, and double bonds between carbons. What type of bonds are found in proteins? Peptide bonds (covalent bonds) Why is ATP important? It is the energy molecule of the cell True or False: All living things have cell membranes. True What is the process by which bacteria is produced? Binary Fission What is the function of flagella? Motility (propels bacteria) What is the function of fimbriae? All for attachment What is the function of axial filaments? Endoflagella What is the function of sex pili? Used to transfer DNA from one cell to another What is the function of the glycocalyx? Protects the cell from dehydration and nutrient loss What is the function of endospores? Made so they can survive. Protects from heat damage, chemical damage and keeps the DNA from desiccation What is the function of ribosomes? Site of protein synthesis What is the function of inclusions? Storage area What is the function of the plasma membrane? Selectively preamble and regulates the entrance and exit of molecules/ions. What does the term "taxis" refer to? Moving toward or away from stimuli What part of the cell allows for certain microbes to before taxis? Flagella What arrangement is seen in terms of flagella? Peritrichous (think perimeter) What arrangement is seen in terms of flagella? Monotrichous (one) What arrangement is seen in terms of flagella? Lophotrichous (tuffed like part) What arrangement is seen in terms of flagella? Amphitrichous (one at each end) What arrangement is seen in terms of bacteria? Vibrio A curved rod would be indicative of what arrangement of bacteria? Vibrio External flagella would be indicative of what type of arrangement of bacteria? Spirillum What arrangement is seen in terms of bacteria? Spirillum Endoflagella would be indicative of which type of arrangement of bacteria? Spirochete