Science Medicine Pulmonology
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peripheral symptoms. Skin pale, gray, or cyanotic;
Rt CHF nausea, vomiting; pitting edema, peripheral/bilateral
edema, ascites, JVD, HJR, weak pulse, cool moist skin,
decreased urine output, increased B.P., weight gain,
liver congestion. Cor Pulmonale
discontinuous, intermittent, non-musical, and brief. C-
Crackles/Rales
collapsed or fluid-filled alveoli open. end inspiration,
do not clear w cough.
Fine rales soft, high pitched, and very brief.
Coarse rales/crackles louder, moist, lower in pitch, longer, bubbling.
inspiration/expiration when severe. continuous high
Wheezes (sibilant)
pitched with a shrill quality. C- blocked air flow;
asthma, infection, foreign body obstruction.
Expiration/ inspiration. Change/disappear w cough.
Rhonchi (sonorous)
Continuous low pitched with a snoring, rattling. Fluid-
blocked airways.
inspiration. Loud high pitched crowing heard without
Stridor
stethoscope. Obstructed upper airways.
Friction rub inhalation/exhalation. Low pitched grating, rubbing, pleural
inflammation
Aortic stenosis narrowing of the aortic valve. Rheumatic heart DX,
atherosclerosis, congential.
Mitral regurgitation backflow of blood from lft ventricle into left atrium. Rheumatic
fever, MI.
, Dx of myocardium.
Dilated or congestive (CHF, MI,
Cardiomyopathy
alcohol, pregnancy) Hypertrophic
(inherited)
Restrictive (connective tissue diseases, cancers)
Myocardial ischemia ↓ myocardial oxygen supply to demand. ^30-90 min, permanent
damage.
MI. disruption of o2 & nutrient flow below total
occlusion. necrosis to myocardium. CAD. S4. Mitral
regurgitation. Sudden decrease in coronary blood flow
or increase in myocardium oxygen demand without
adequate perfusion
Myocardial infarction
Untreated ischemia leads to
infarction Symptoms
Chest pain (crushing, pressure)
Pain is generally left sided
and radiates Can occur
with or without activity
Rest and vasodilators do not
relieve the pain Significant
difference between men and
women
◦ Associated symptoms
Diaphoresis, cold sweats, pallor, grayness
Palpitations, dyspnea, nausea, vomiting, tachycardia, fatigue
◦ Aggravating factors
Angina or ischemia Moving arms or neck,
breathing, lying flat Pulmonary,
musculoskeletal, gastrointestional
◦ Relieving
factors
Rest,
nitroglyceri
n
Subjective
Eupnea normal breathing. even depth, regular, inspiration=expiration.
rapid shallow resp. rate >24. Precipitating factors:
Tachnypnea
fever, fear exercise, respiratory insufficiency, pleuritic
pain, alkalosis, pneumonia.
, slow regular resp. rate < 10. Precipitating factors:
Bradypnea
diabetic coma, drug-induced resp depression, ^
intracranial pressure.
rapid deep resp. rate < 24? Precipitating factors:
Hyperventilation
extreme exertion, fear, diabetic ketoacidosis
(Kussmaul's), hypoxia, salicylate OD, hypoglycemia .
Shortness of breath or light-headedness during activity
*Cor pulmonale Pulmonary
HTN Early Symptoms is often the first symptom May have a fast heart beat,
feel like heart is pounding
Symptoms occur with lighter activity or even at rest
Fainting spells with activity
Chest discomfort, usually in the front of the chest
*Cor pulmonale Pulmonary
Chest pain
HTN Later Symptoms
Swelling of the feet or ankles
Symptoms of underlying disorders (wheezing,
coughing)
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
• Cystic Fibrosis
• Chronic blood clots in the lungs
Almost any chronic lung • Scarring of the lung tissue: interstitial lung disease
condition that causes • Severe curving of upper part of the spine: kyphoscoliosis
prolonged low blood
• Obstructive sleep apnea
oxygen levels can cause
NR 302 Final Exam Newest / NR 567 Final Exam
Preparation/ NR 302 Final Exam Practice Exam With
Complete Questions And Correct Detailed Answers
(Verified Answers) |Already Graded A+|Brand New
Version!!
peripheral symptoms. Skin pale, gray, or cyanotic;
Rt CHF nausea, vomiting; pitting edema, peripheral/bilateral
edema, ascites, JVD, HJR, weak pulse, cool moist skin,
decreased urine output, increased B.P., weight gain,
liver congestion. Cor Pulmonale
discontinuous, intermittent, non-musical, and brief. C-
Crackles/Rales
collapsed or fluid-filled alveoli open. end inspiration,
do not clear w cough.
Fine rales soft, high pitched, and very brief.
Coarse rales/crackles louder, moist, lower in pitch, longer, bubbling.
inspiration/expiration when severe. continuous high
Wheezes (sibilant)
pitched with a shrill quality. C- blocked air flow;
asthma, infection, foreign body obstruction.
Expiration/ inspiration. Change/disappear w cough.
Rhonchi (sonorous)
Continuous low pitched with a snoring, rattling. Fluid-
blocked airways.
inspiration. Loud high pitched crowing heard without
Stridor
stethoscope. Obstructed upper airways.
Friction rub inhalation/exhalation. Low pitched grating, rubbing, pleural
inflammation
Aortic stenosis narrowing of the aortic valve. Rheumatic heart DX,
atherosclerosis, congential.
Mitral regurgitation backflow of blood from lft ventricle into left atrium. Rheumatic
fever, MI.
, Dx of myocardium.
Dilated or congestive (CHF, MI,
Cardiomyopathy
alcohol, pregnancy) Hypertrophic
(inherited)
Restrictive (connective tissue diseases, cancers)
Myocardial ischemia ↓ myocardial oxygen supply to demand. ^30-90 min, permanent
damage.
MI. disruption of o2 & nutrient flow below total
occlusion. necrosis to myocardium. CAD. S4. Mitral
regurgitation. Sudden decrease in coronary blood flow
or increase in myocardium oxygen demand without
adequate perfusion
Myocardial infarction
Untreated ischemia leads to
infarction Symptoms
Chest pain (crushing, pressure)
Pain is generally left sided
and radiates Can occur
with or without activity
Rest and vasodilators do not
relieve the pain Significant
difference between men and
women
◦ Associated symptoms
Diaphoresis, cold sweats, pallor, grayness
Palpitations, dyspnea, nausea, vomiting, tachycardia, fatigue
◦ Aggravating factors
Angina or ischemia Moving arms or neck,
breathing, lying flat Pulmonary,
musculoskeletal, gastrointestional
◦ Relieving
factors
Rest,
nitroglyceri
n
Subjective
Eupnea normal breathing. even depth, regular, inspiration=expiration.
rapid shallow resp. rate >24. Precipitating factors:
Tachnypnea
fever, fear exercise, respiratory insufficiency, pleuritic
pain, alkalosis, pneumonia.
, slow regular resp. rate < 10. Precipitating factors:
Bradypnea
diabetic coma, drug-induced resp depression, ^
intracranial pressure.
rapid deep resp. rate < 24? Precipitating factors:
Hyperventilation
extreme exertion, fear, diabetic ketoacidosis
(Kussmaul's), hypoxia, salicylate OD, hypoglycemia .
Shortness of breath or light-headedness during activity
*Cor pulmonale Pulmonary
HTN Early Symptoms is often the first symptom May have a fast heart beat,
feel like heart is pounding
Symptoms occur with lighter activity or even at rest
Fainting spells with activity
Chest discomfort, usually in the front of the chest
*Cor pulmonale Pulmonary
Chest pain
HTN Later Symptoms
Swelling of the feet or ankles
Symptoms of underlying disorders (wheezing,
coughing)
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
• Cystic Fibrosis
• Chronic blood clots in the lungs
Almost any chronic lung • Scarring of the lung tissue: interstitial lung disease
condition that causes • Severe curving of upper part of the spine: kyphoscoliosis
prolonged low blood
• Obstructive sleep apnea
oxygen levels can cause
