Psychology 1000 exam test
questions and answers graded A+
Altruism - ANS✅✅helping others in need without receiving or expecting reward for doing so
analytic system - ANS✅✅operates more at the explicit level of consciousness is slower and more
methodical and uses logic and discursive (reasoning using language) thinking to try and understand
reality.
attitude inoculation - ANS✅✅a strategy for strengthening attitudes and making them more
resistant to change by first exposing people to a weak counter-argument and then refuting that
argument
bystander effect - ANS✅✅the observation that an individual is less likely to help when they
perceive that other are not helping
central route to persuasion - ANS✅✅occurs when people pay close attention to the content of a
message, evaluate the evidence presented, and examine the logic of the arguments
cognitive dissonance theory - ANS✅✅when we hold inconsistent beliefs, this creates a kind of
aversive inner tension, or "dissonance"; we are then motivated to reduce this tension in whatever
way we can
construal-level theory - ANS✅✅describes how information affects us differently depending on our
psychological distance from the information
contact hypothesis - ANS✅✅social contact between members of different groups is extremely
important to overcoming prejudice
diffusion of responsibility - ANS✅✅the reduced personal responsibility that a person feels when
more people are present in a situation
Discrimination - ANS✅✅Pavlovian-occurs when an organism learns to respond to one original
conditioned stimulus but not to new stimuli that may be similar to the original stimulus
,Operant - occurs when an organism learns to respond to one original discriminative stimulus but not
new stimuli that may be similar to the original stimulus
behaviour that disfavours or disadvantages members of a certain social group in some way
door-in-the-face technique - ANS✅✅involves asking for something relatively big, then following
with a request for something relatively small
dual-process models - ANS✅✅models of behaviour that account for both implicit and explicit
processes
Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) - ANS✅✅a dual-process model of attitude change, describes
two routes to persuasion: the central route, via thoughtful evaluation of message arguments, and
the peripheral route, via relatively automatic use of superficial cues.
a dual-process model of persuasion that predicts whether factual information or other types of
information will be most influential
experiential system - ANS✅✅operates more implicitly, quickly, and intuitively and is
predominantly emotional
explicit processes - ANS✅✅Correspond to "conscious" thought: deliberative, effortful, relatively
slow, and generally under our intentional control.
external (situational) attribution - ANS✅✅the observer explains the actor's behaviour as the result
of the situation
false consensus effect - ANS✅✅tendency to project the self-concept onto the social world
foot-in-the-door technique - ANS✅✅involves making a simple request followed by a more
substantial request
Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE) - ANS✅✅the tendency to over-emphasize internal
(dispositional) attributions, and under-emphasize external (situational) factors when explaining
other people's behaviour
, groupthink - ANS✅✅a decision-making problem in which group members avoid arguments and
strive for agreement
IAT - ANS✅✅see implicit associations test
identifiable victim effect - ANS✅✅people are more powerfully moved to action by the story of a
single suffering person than by information about a whole group of people
implicit processes - ANS✅✅Correspond to "unconscious" thought: intuitive, automatic, effortless,
very fast, and operate largely outside of our intentional control
informational influence - ANS✅✅occurs when people internalize the values and beliefs of the
group, coming to believe the same things and feel the same ways themselves
ingroup bias - ANS✅✅positive biases toward the self get extended to include one's ingroups and
people become motivated to see their ingroups as superior to their outgroups
ingroups - ANS✅✅groups we feel positively toward and identify with
internal (dispositional) attribution - ANS✅✅the observer explains the behaviour of the actor in
terms of some innate quality of the person
mimicry - ANS✅✅taking on for ourselves the behaviours, emotional displays, and facial
expressions of others
naive realism - ANS✅✅the assumption that the way we see things is the way that they are
normative influence - ANS✅✅the result of a social pressure to adopt a group's perspective in
order to be accepted, rather than rejected by a group
ostracism - ANS✅✅being ignored or excluded from social contact
outgroups - ANS✅✅those "other" groups that we don't identify with
questions and answers graded A+
Altruism - ANS✅✅helping others in need without receiving or expecting reward for doing so
analytic system - ANS✅✅operates more at the explicit level of consciousness is slower and more
methodical and uses logic and discursive (reasoning using language) thinking to try and understand
reality.
attitude inoculation - ANS✅✅a strategy for strengthening attitudes and making them more
resistant to change by first exposing people to a weak counter-argument and then refuting that
argument
bystander effect - ANS✅✅the observation that an individual is less likely to help when they
perceive that other are not helping
central route to persuasion - ANS✅✅occurs when people pay close attention to the content of a
message, evaluate the evidence presented, and examine the logic of the arguments
cognitive dissonance theory - ANS✅✅when we hold inconsistent beliefs, this creates a kind of
aversive inner tension, or "dissonance"; we are then motivated to reduce this tension in whatever
way we can
construal-level theory - ANS✅✅describes how information affects us differently depending on our
psychological distance from the information
contact hypothesis - ANS✅✅social contact between members of different groups is extremely
important to overcoming prejudice
diffusion of responsibility - ANS✅✅the reduced personal responsibility that a person feels when
more people are present in a situation
Discrimination - ANS✅✅Pavlovian-occurs when an organism learns to respond to one original
conditioned stimulus but not to new stimuli that may be similar to the original stimulus
,Operant - occurs when an organism learns to respond to one original discriminative stimulus but not
new stimuli that may be similar to the original stimulus
behaviour that disfavours or disadvantages members of a certain social group in some way
door-in-the-face technique - ANS✅✅involves asking for something relatively big, then following
with a request for something relatively small
dual-process models - ANS✅✅models of behaviour that account for both implicit and explicit
processes
Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) - ANS✅✅a dual-process model of attitude change, describes
two routes to persuasion: the central route, via thoughtful evaluation of message arguments, and
the peripheral route, via relatively automatic use of superficial cues.
a dual-process model of persuasion that predicts whether factual information or other types of
information will be most influential
experiential system - ANS✅✅operates more implicitly, quickly, and intuitively and is
predominantly emotional
explicit processes - ANS✅✅Correspond to "conscious" thought: deliberative, effortful, relatively
slow, and generally under our intentional control.
external (situational) attribution - ANS✅✅the observer explains the actor's behaviour as the result
of the situation
false consensus effect - ANS✅✅tendency to project the self-concept onto the social world
foot-in-the-door technique - ANS✅✅involves making a simple request followed by a more
substantial request
Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE) - ANS✅✅the tendency to over-emphasize internal
(dispositional) attributions, and under-emphasize external (situational) factors when explaining
other people's behaviour
, groupthink - ANS✅✅a decision-making problem in which group members avoid arguments and
strive for agreement
IAT - ANS✅✅see implicit associations test
identifiable victim effect - ANS✅✅people are more powerfully moved to action by the story of a
single suffering person than by information about a whole group of people
implicit processes - ANS✅✅Correspond to "unconscious" thought: intuitive, automatic, effortless,
very fast, and operate largely outside of our intentional control
informational influence - ANS✅✅occurs when people internalize the values and beliefs of the
group, coming to believe the same things and feel the same ways themselves
ingroup bias - ANS✅✅positive biases toward the self get extended to include one's ingroups and
people become motivated to see their ingroups as superior to their outgroups
ingroups - ANS✅✅groups we feel positively toward and identify with
internal (dispositional) attribution - ANS✅✅the observer explains the behaviour of the actor in
terms of some innate quality of the person
mimicry - ANS✅✅taking on for ourselves the behaviours, emotional displays, and facial
expressions of others
naive realism - ANS✅✅the assumption that the way we see things is the way that they are
normative influence - ANS✅✅the result of a social pressure to adopt a group's perspective in
order to be accepted, rather than rejected by a group
ostracism - ANS✅✅being ignored or excluded from social contact
outgroups - ANS✅✅those "other" groups that we don't identify with
