Psychology 1000 exam questions
and answers graded A+
Classical Conditioning - ANS✅✅involves respondent behavior, reflexive, automatic reactions such
as fear or craving after repeated exposure to two stimuli occurring in sequence, we associate those
stimuli with each other.
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) causes - ANS✅✅unconditioned response (UR)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS) originally causes - ANS✅✅no response
Conditioned Stimulus (CS) + Unconditioned Stimulus causes - ANS✅✅Unconditioned Response
Conditioned Stimulus causes - ANS✅✅Conditioned Response
Factors of Classical Conditioning - ANS✅✅Timing: To be the most effective, the Condition Stimuli
should come immediately before the UCS
Obviousness of the UCS: The more obvious, the faster and more effective the learning.
Extinction - ANS✅✅The strength of a CR grows with conditioning.
Extinction refers to the diminishing of a conditioned response.
How can we tell that acquisition has occurred? - ANS✅✅The UR now gets triggered by a CS
(drooling now gets triggered by a bell).
Spontaneous Recovery - ANS✅✅a return of the conditioned response despite a lack of further
conditioning
Pavlov found that spontaneous recovery can occur after a period of not being exposed to the
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Operant Conditioning - ANS✅✅Involves chosen behaviors which "operate" on the environment
Behaviors become associated with consequences which punish (decrease) or reinforce (increase) the
operant behavior
,Example of Operant Conditioning - ANS✅✅We may smile more at work after this repeatedly gets
us bigger tips.
Reinforcement - ANS✅✅behavior is more likely to be tried again
Punishment - ANS✅✅behavior is less likely to be chosen in the future.
Positive Reinforcement - ANS✅✅Reward is ADDING something desirable like giving a cookie
Negative Reinforcement - ANS✅✅Reward is ENDING something unpleasant like no more
whoopings
Positive Punishment - ANS✅✅You ADD something unpleasant/aversive (ex: spank the child)
Negative Punishment - ANS✅✅You TAKE AWAY something pleasant/ desired (ex: no TV time, no
attention)--MINUS is the "negative" here
Reinforcement based on interval - ANS✅✅Fixed interval schedule: Every so often (every 5min)
Variable interval schedule: Unpredictably often
Ratio of Punishment - ANS✅✅Fixed ratio schedule: Every so many behaviors (Every 10 behaviors)
Variable ratio schedule: After an unpredictable number of behaviors
Which reinforcements produce more "responding" (more target behavior)? - ANS✅✅Fixed
interval: slow, unsustained responding
If I'm only paid for my Saturday work, I'm not going to work as hard on the other days.
Variable interval: slow, consistent responding
If I never know which day my lucky lottery number will pay off, I better play it every day.
Effectiveness of the RATIO schedules of Reinforcement - ANS✅✅Fixed ratio: high rate of
responding
Buy two drinks, get one free? I'll buy a lot of them!
,Variable ratio: high, consistent responding, even if reinforcement stops (resists extinction
Recall - ANS✅✅analogous to "fill-in-the-blanks." You retrieve information previously learned and
unconsciously stored.
Recognition - ANS✅✅a form of "multiple choice." You identify which stimuli match your stored
information.
Relearning - ANS✅✅a measure of how much less work it takes you to learn information you had
studied before, even if you don't recall having seen the information before.
Explicit/Declarative - ANS✅✅include facts, stories, and meanings of words such as the first time
riding a bike, or facts about types of bicycles.
Encoding and storage of explicit memories - ANS✅✅Encoding and storage of explicit memories is
facilitated by the hippocampus.
Implicit Memory - ANS✅✅include skills, procedures, and conditioned associations
Cerebellum - ANS✅✅forms and stores our conditioned responses. We can store a phobic response
even if we can't recall how we acquired the fear.
Basal Ganglia - ANS✅✅next to the thalamus, controls movement, and forms and stores procedural
memory and motor skills. We can learn to ride a bicycle even if we can't recall having the lesson.
Priming - ANS✅✅called "invisible memory" because it affects us unconsciously.
In the case of tree "bark" vs. dog "bark," the path we follow in our thoughts can be channeled by
priming.
We may have biases and associations stored in memory that also influence our choices
Wundt - ANS✅✅Structuralism
Watson - ANS✅✅Behaviorism
, James - ANS✅✅Functionalism
Freud - ANS✅✅Psychodynamic approach
evolutionary approach to Psychology - ANS✅✅that attempts to explain useful mental and
psychological traits—such as memory, perception, or language—as adaptations, i.e., as the
functional products of natural selection.
Biological appoach - ANS✅✅believes us to be as a consequence of our genetics and physiology
neroscience approach - ANS✅✅is an interdisciplinary approach to studying the mind and behavior,
socio-cultural approach - ANS✅✅is one approach to understanding why humans behave the way
they do.
Theory - ANS✅✅a supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something, especially one
based on general principles independent of the thing to be explained.
Hypotheses - ANS✅✅a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence
as a starting point for further investigation.
illusory correlations - ANS✅✅is the phenomenon of perceiving a relationship between variables
(typically people, events, or behaviors) even when no such relationship exists.
reliability - ANS✅✅is the degree to which an assessment tool produces stable and consistent
results.
validity - ANS✅✅refers to how well a test measures what it is purported to measure.
naturalistic observation - ANS✅✅is a research method commonly used by psychologists and other
social scientists. This technique involves observing subjects in their natural environment
case studies - ANS✅✅a process or record of research in which detailed consideration is given to
the development of a particular person, group, or situation over a period of time.
and answers graded A+
Classical Conditioning - ANS✅✅involves respondent behavior, reflexive, automatic reactions such
as fear or craving after repeated exposure to two stimuli occurring in sequence, we associate those
stimuli with each other.
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) causes - ANS✅✅unconditioned response (UR)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS) originally causes - ANS✅✅no response
Conditioned Stimulus (CS) + Unconditioned Stimulus causes - ANS✅✅Unconditioned Response
Conditioned Stimulus causes - ANS✅✅Conditioned Response
Factors of Classical Conditioning - ANS✅✅Timing: To be the most effective, the Condition Stimuli
should come immediately before the UCS
Obviousness of the UCS: The more obvious, the faster and more effective the learning.
Extinction - ANS✅✅The strength of a CR grows with conditioning.
Extinction refers to the diminishing of a conditioned response.
How can we tell that acquisition has occurred? - ANS✅✅The UR now gets triggered by a CS
(drooling now gets triggered by a bell).
Spontaneous Recovery - ANS✅✅a return of the conditioned response despite a lack of further
conditioning
Pavlov found that spontaneous recovery can occur after a period of not being exposed to the
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Operant Conditioning - ANS✅✅Involves chosen behaviors which "operate" on the environment
Behaviors become associated with consequences which punish (decrease) or reinforce (increase) the
operant behavior
,Example of Operant Conditioning - ANS✅✅We may smile more at work after this repeatedly gets
us bigger tips.
Reinforcement - ANS✅✅behavior is more likely to be tried again
Punishment - ANS✅✅behavior is less likely to be chosen in the future.
Positive Reinforcement - ANS✅✅Reward is ADDING something desirable like giving a cookie
Negative Reinforcement - ANS✅✅Reward is ENDING something unpleasant like no more
whoopings
Positive Punishment - ANS✅✅You ADD something unpleasant/aversive (ex: spank the child)
Negative Punishment - ANS✅✅You TAKE AWAY something pleasant/ desired (ex: no TV time, no
attention)--MINUS is the "negative" here
Reinforcement based on interval - ANS✅✅Fixed interval schedule: Every so often (every 5min)
Variable interval schedule: Unpredictably often
Ratio of Punishment - ANS✅✅Fixed ratio schedule: Every so many behaviors (Every 10 behaviors)
Variable ratio schedule: After an unpredictable number of behaviors
Which reinforcements produce more "responding" (more target behavior)? - ANS✅✅Fixed
interval: slow, unsustained responding
If I'm only paid for my Saturday work, I'm not going to work as hard on the other days.
Variable interval: slow, consistent responding
If I never know which day my lucky lottery number will pay off, I better play it every day.
Effectiveness of the RATIO schedules of Reinforcement - ANS✅✅Fixed ratio: high rate of
responding
Buy two drinks, get one free? I'll buy a lot of them!
,Variable ratio: high, consistent responding, even if reinforcement stops (resists extinction
Recall - ANS✅✅analogous to "fill-in-the-blanks." You retrieve information previously learned and
unconsciously stored.
Recognition - ANS✅✅a form of "multiple choice." You identify which stimuli match your stored
information.
Relearning - ANS✅✅a measure of how much less work it takes you to learn information you had
studied before, even if you don't recall having seen the information before.
Explicit/Declarative - ANS✅✅include facts, stories, and meanings of words such as the first time
riding a bike, or facts about types of bicycles.
Encoding and storage of explicit memories - ANS✅✅Encoding and storage of explicit memories is
facilitated by the hippocampus.
Implicit Memory - ANS✅✅include skills, procedures, and conditioned associations
Cerebellum - ANS✅✅forms and stores our conditioned responses. We can store a phobic response
even if we can't recall how we acquired the fear.
Basal Ganglia - ANS✅✅next to the thalamus, controls movement, and forms and stores procedural
memory and motor skills. We can learn to ride a bicycle even if we can't recall having the lesson.
Priming - ANS✅✅called "invisible memory" because it affects us unconsciously.
In the case of tree "bark" vs. dog "bark," the path we follow in our thoughts can be channeled by
priming.
We may have biases and associations stored in memory that also influence our choices
Wundt - ANS✅✅Structuralism
Watson - ANS✅✅Behaviorism
, James - ANS✅✅Functionalism
Freud - ANS✅✅Psychodynamic approach
evolutionary approach to Psychology - ANS✅✅that attempts to explain useful mental and
psychological traits—such as memory, perception, or language—as adaptations, i.e., as the
functional products of natural selection.
Biological appoach - ANS✅✅believes us to be as a consequence of our genetics and physiology
neroscience approach - ANS✅✅is an interdisciplinary approach to studying the mind and behavior,
socio-cultural approach - ANS✅✅is one approach to understanding why humans behave the way
they do.
Theory - ANS✅✅a supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something, especially one
based on general principles independent of the thing to be explained.
Hypotheses - ANS✅✅a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence
as a starting point for further investigation.
illusory correlations - ANS✅✅is the phenomenon of perceiving a relationship between variables
(typically people, events, or behaviors) even when no such relationship exists.
reliability - ANS✅✅is the degree to which an assessment tool produces stable and consistent
results.
validity - ANS✅✅refers to how well a test measures what it is purported to measure.
naturalistic observation - ANS✅✅is a research method commonly used by psychologists and other
social scientists. This technique involves observing subjects in their natural environment
case studies - ANS✅✅a process or record of research in which detailed consideration is given to
the development of a particular person, group, or situation over a period of time.
