PHR 2500 Final Exam Questions with Correct Answers Latest Update 2025/2026
What are the four stages of the Drug System? - Answers -Research and Development
- Regulatory Review
-Manufacturing, Marketing and Distribution
-The Medication Use System
What are CGMPs? - Answers Current good manufacturing practices.
Why are CGMPs so important? - Answers -B/c a consumer can't detect (through sight, smell,
touch) if a product is safe or if it will work. Also, only a small sample batch is tested (like 100
tablets out of 2 mill) so that most of the batch can be used for patients instead of destroyed.
-Therefore, it's important that drugs are manufactured under conditions and practices required
to assure quality is built into the design and manufacturing process at every step.
Does a drug company typically spend more money on research and development or on
marketing? - Answers Marketing.
What are the four ways drug companies market drugs to health care professionals? - Answers -
giving out "freebies" to doctors
-detailing - sending drug reps to talk about the drug and answer questions
-free samples of drugs
-sponsoring professional meetings and events
-Ads in professional journals
What is the term for advertising to non-healthcare professionals? - Answers Direct to consumer
advertising (DCTA)
What are the four prescription drug advertising "musts?" - Answers - Be accurate
-Balance risk and benefit info.
-Be consistent with prescribing info. approved by FDA.
-Only include info that's supported by substantial evidence or substantial clinical experience.
What are the two classes of drug distribution in the U.S.? - Answers -Prescription drugs and over
-the-counter
By permitting some drugs to be sold over-the-counter, how does this empower patients? -
Answers It allows all kinds of people, rural and urban, to have access 24/7 to treatments for
, common, everyday conditions.
What are the five key steps of the drug distribution process? - Answers -Ingredients for the
drugs are supplied by various suppliers to the manufacturing plant.
-Then, the drugs are sent to a wholesaler distributor, where the products are stored in a
warehouse.
-Pharmacies and hospitals can order a large range of drug products from wholesaler distributor
as need to fill their inventory
-Finally, drugs are administered to patients.
-Drugs may be repackaged. This is done for a variety of reasons, for example to meet the needs
of specific groups of patients, such as pediatrics that require a smaller dose.
What does universal health care mean? - Answers All citizens are entitled to receive health care
services that includes basic health care. USA doesn't have this, although Obamacare has helped.
Is most health care in the U.S. provided by which sector, public or private? - Answers Private.
Are most hospitals for-profit or nonprofit? - Answers Most are nonprofit (75%).
Which high-income country spends the most on health care per person? How much does the
U.S. spend on annually per capita on health care? - Answers -U.S. spends the most on health
care per person
-U.S. spends approx. $10,000 per capita.
Among high-income countries, on which health outcome measures does the U.S. perform well?
On which outcomes does the U.S. perform the worst? - Answers -Performs better in cancer
survival rates and smoking rates.
-Performs worst in all other areas, including infant mortality, life expectancy, and percent of
elderly with 2 or more chronic disease.
Why are healthcare costs so high in the U.S. compared to other countries? - Answers -Health
care providers in U.S. are worried about being sued for malpractice so they practice defensive
medicine, often resulting in too many unnecessary tests.
-Doctors and nurses are paid more.
-Insurance and administrative costs, such as paperwork and marketing, are higher.
-Drug prices are higher, two or three times as much.
-Insurance companies and the gov't do less negotiating of prices with health care providers for
services like surgery costs.
What are the four stages of the Drug System? - Answers -Research and Development
- Regulatory Review
-Manufacturing, Marketing and Distribution
-The Medication Use System
What are CGMPs? - Answers Current good manufacturing practices.
Why are CGMPs so important? - Answers -B/c a consumer can't detect (through sight, smell,
touch) if a product is safe or if it will work. Also, only a small sample batch is tested (like 100
tablets out of 2 mill) so that most of the batch can be used for patients instead of destroyed.
-Therefore, it's important that drugs are manufactured under conditions and practices required
to assure quality is built into the design and manufacturing process at every step.
Does a drug company typically spend more money on research and development or on
marketing? - Answers Marketing.
What are the four ways drug companies market drugs to health care professionals? - Answers -
giving out "freebies" to doctors
-detailing - sending drug reps to talk about the drug and answer questions
-free samples of drugs
-sponsoring professional meetings and events
-Ads in professional journals
What is the term for advertising to non-healthcare professionals? - Answers Direct to consumer
advertising (DCTA)
What are the four prescription drug advertising "musts?" - Answers - Be accurate
-Balance risk and benefit info.
-Be consistent with prescribing info. approved by FDA.
-Only include info that's supported by substantial evidence or substantial clinical experience.
What are the two classes of drug distribution in the U.S.? - Answers -Prescription drugs and over
-the-counter
By permitting some drugs to be sold over-the-counter, how does this empower patients? -
Answers It allows all kinds of people, rural and urban, to have access 24/7 to treatments for
, common, everyday conditions.
What are the five key steps of the drug distribution process? - Answers -Ingredients for the
drugs are supplied by various suppliers to the manufacturing plant.
-Then, the drugs are sent to a wholesaler distributor, where the products are stored in a
warehouse.
-Pharmacies and hospitals can order a large range of drug products from wholesaler distributor
as need to fill their inventory
-Finally, drugs are administered to patients.
-Drugs may be repackaged. This is done for a variety of reasons, for example to meet the needs
of specific groups of patients, such as pediatrics that require a smaller dose.
What does universal health care mean? - Answers All citizens are entitled to receive health care
services that includes basic health care. USA doesn't have this, although Obamacare has helped.
Is most health care in the U.S. provided by which sector, public or private? - Answers Private.
Are most hospitals for-profit or nonprofit? - Answers Most are nonprofit (75%).
Which high-income country spends the most on health care per person? How much does the
U.S. spend on annually per capita on health care? - Answers -U.S. spends the most on health
care per person
-U.S. spends approx. $10,000 per capita.
Among high-income countries, on which health outcome measures does the U.S. perform well?
On which outcomes does the U.S. perform the worst? - Answers -Performs better in cancer
survival rates and smoking rates.
-Performs worst in all other areas, including infant mortality, life expectancy, and percent of
elderly with 2 or more chronic disease.
Why are healthcare costs so high in the U.S. compared to other countries? - Answers -Health
care providers in U.S. are worried about being sued for malpractice so they practice defensive
medicine, often resulting in too many unnecessary tests.
-Doctors and nurses are paid more.
-Insurance and administrative costs, such as paperwork and marketing, are higher.
-Drug prices are higher, two or three times as much.
-Insurance companies and the gov't do less negotiating of prices with health care providers for
services like surgery costs.
