RD EXAM REVIEW - NUTRITION CARE
FOR INDIVIDUALS AND GROUPS
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
How are energy needs for adults calculated using the Mifflin-St. Jeor equation? - ANS -The
Mifflin St. Jeor equation is as follows:
Men: Resting metabolic rate (RMR) = (9.99W) + (6.25H) − (4.92A) + 5
Women: RMR = (9.99W) + (6.25H) − (4.92A) − 161
*weight in kg and height in cm
What are the diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome? - ANS -Must meet three of the
following five criteria:
Abdominal obesity (waist circumference of >40 in for men, and > 35 in for women)
Triglyceride level of 150 mg/dL or greater
HDL < 40 mg/dL in men or < 50 mg/dL in women
Systolic blood pressure > 130 mm Hg diastolic blood pressure >85 mm Hg
Insulin Resistance = fasting glucose > 100 mg/dL
,Optimal blood lipid levels - ANS -LDL < 100
TC < 200
HDL < 40 (Male), < 50 (female)
What is metabolic acidosis? - ANS -Decreased bicarbonate, decreased acid, and decreased pH.
During this loss the body's pH decreases because of the high concentration of hydrogen ions.
Because of the increase in the concentration of hydrogen ions, the body's pH shifts from slightly
basic (7.35 to 7.45) to more acidic (less than 7).
Metabolic acidosis is most commonly seen in patients who are experiencing diarrhea.
What is metabolic alkalosis? - ANS -Increased CO2, and bicarbonate concentrations rise, causing
an increase in pH.
Because of the decrease in hydrogen ions and increase in bicarbonate concentrations, the
body's pH shifts from slightly basic (7.35 to 7.45) to a more basic pH (7-14).
Common causes: vomiting and excessive ingestion of antacids
What are the functions of the kidneys? - ANS -Regulation of extracellular fluid volume and blood
Regulation of osmolality
Maintenance of ion balance
Homeostatic regulation of pH
Excretion of wastes
,Production of hormones
Identify the common chemicals associated with vasoconstriction and what effect they have on
the body. - ANS -Vasoconstrictors include norepinephrine, serotonin, vasopressin, and
angiotensin II. These can lead to elevated blood pressure.
What is the pathway of blood flow through the heart? - ANS -Deoxygenated blood enters the
heart via the right atrium.
It passes through the tricuspid value into the right ventricle.
Blood is then pushed through the semilunar valves to the pulmonary arteries, which transport
blood to the lungs to be oxygenated.
Next, blood from the lungs enter the left side of the heart via the pulmonary veins and travels
into the left atrium.
Finally, blood flows through the bicuspid value into the left ventricle, where it is transported to
the aorta via the aortic valve.
What is the recommended weight gain during pregnancy? - ANS -28-40 lbs for underweight
25-35 lbs for normal weight
15-25 lbs for overweight
11-20 lbs for obese (0.5 pounds per week during second and third trimesters)
**target: at least achieve lower limit
, What is the estimated energy requirement (EER) for pregnant women at each trimester? - ANS -
1st trimester: nonpregnant EER+ 0
2nd trimester: nonpregnant EER+ 340
3rd trimester: nonpregnant EER + 450.
pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) - ANS -Progresses from pre-eclampsia to eclampsia
Hypertension, edema of face and hands, proteinuria, rapid weight gain after 20th week; may
have convulsion
More frequently found in women with lack of prenatal care, poor diets, poor protein and
calcium intakes
SODIUM RESTRICTION IS NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PREVENTION OR TREATMENT; SODIUM
NEEDED TO MAINTAIN NORMAL LEVELS OF SODIUM IN PLASMA DURING LARGE PRENATAL
EXPANSION OF TISSUES AND FLUID
What are hydration goals before, during, and after exercise? - ANS -Before: Consume a fluid
volume equivalent to 5 mL/kg body weight (BW) to 10 mL/kg BW (~2 mL/lb to 4 mL/lb) 2-4
hours before exercise
During: Drink enough fluids during exercise to replace sweat losses to limit total body fluid
deficit to <2% BW.
After: Sweat losses and obligatory urine losses continue after exercise, so rehydration requires
an intake of more fluid (125% to 150%) than the final fluid deficit (1.25 L to 1.5 L fluid for every
1 kg BW lost).
FOR INDIVIDUALS AND GROUPS
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
How are energy needs for adults calculated using the Mifflin-St. Jeor equation? - ANS -The
Mifflin St. Jeor equation is as follows:
Men: Resting metabolic rate (RMR) = (9.99W) + (6.25H) − (4.92A) + 5
Women: RMR = (9.99W) + (6.25H) − (4.92A) − 161
*weight in kg and height in cm
What are the diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome? - ANS -Must meet three of the
following five criteria:
Abdominal obesity (waist circumference of >40 in for men, and > 35 in for women)
Triglyceride level of 150 mg/dL or greater
HDL < 40 mg/dL in men or < 50 mg/dL in women
Systolic blood pressure > 130 mm Hg diastolic blood pressure >85 mm Hg
Insulin Resistance = fasting glucose > 100 mg/dL
,Optimal blood lipid levels - ANS -LDL < 100
TC < 200
HDL < 40 (Male), < 50 (female)
What is metabolic acidosis? - ANS -Decreased bicarbonate, decreased acid, and decreased pH.
During this loss the body's pH decreases because of the high concentration of hydrogen ions.
Because of the increase in the concentration of hydrogen ions, the body's pH shifts from slightly
basic (7.35 to 7.45) to more acidic (less than 7).
Metabolic acidosis is most commonly seen in patients who are experiencing diarrhea.
What is metabolic alkalosis? - ANS -Increased CO2, and bicarbonate concentrations rise, causing
an increase in pH.
Because of the decrease in hydrogen ions and increase in bicarbonate concentrations, the
body's pH shifts from slightly basic (7.35 to 7.45) to a more basic pH (7-14).
Common causes: vomiting and excessive ingestion of antacids
What are the functions of the kidneys? - ANS -Regulation of extracellular fluid volume and blood
Regulation of osmolality
Maintenance of ion balance
Homeostatic regulation of pH
Excretion of wastes
,Production of hormones
Identify the common chemicals associated with vasoconstriction and what effect they have on
the body. - ANS -Vasoconstrictors include norepinephrine, serotonin, vasopressin, and
angiotensin II. These can lead to elevated blood pressure.
What is the pathway of blood flow through the heart? - ANS -Deoxygenated blood enters the
heart via the right atrium.
It passes through the tricuspid value into the right ventricle.
Blood is then pushed through the semilunar valves to the pulmonary arteries, which transport
blood to the lungs to be oxygenated.
Next, blood from the lungs enter the left side of the heart via the pulmonary veins and travels
into the left atrium.
Finally, blood flows through the bicuspid value into the left ventricle, where it is transported to
the aorta via the aortic valve.
What is the recommended weight gain during pregnancy? - ANS -28-40 lbs for underweight
25-35 lbs for normal weight
15-25 lbs for overweight
11-20 lbs for obese (0.5 pounds per week during second and third trimesters)
**target: at least achieve lower limit
, What is the estimated energy requirement (EER) for pregnant women at each trimester? - ANS -
1st trimester: nonpregnant EER+ 0
2nd trimester: nonpregnant EER+ 340
3rd trimester: nonpregnant EER + 450.
pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) - ANS -Progresses from pre-eclampsia to eclampsia
Hypertension, edema of face and hands, proteinuria, rapid weight gain after 20th week; may
have convulsion
More frequently found in women with lack of prenatal care, poor diets, poor protein and
calcium intakes
SODIUM RESTRICTION IS NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PREVENTION OR TREATMENT; SODIUM
NEEDED TO MAINTAIN NORMAL LEVELS OF SODIUM IN PLASMA DURING LARGE PRENATAL
EXPANSION OF TISSUES AND FLUID
What are hydration goals before, during, and after exercise? - ANS -Before: Consume a fluid
volume equivalent to 5 mL/kg body weight (BW) to 10 mL/kg BW (~2 mL/lb to 4 mL/lb) 2-4
hours before exercise
During: Drink enough fluids during exercise to replace sweat losses to limit total body fluid
deficit to <2% BW.
After: Sweat losses and obligatory urine losses continue after exercise, so rehydration requires
an intake of more fluid (125% to 150%) than the final fluid deficit (1.25 L to 1.5 L fluid for every
1 kg BW lost).
