NURS231 - PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM PREP QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025
While viewing the electrocardiogram, the nurse recalls the _____ conducts action
potentials down the atrioventricular septum. - (ANSWER)Bundle of His
Which of the following patient would be most prone to metabolic acidosis? A patient with: -
(ANSWER)Diabetes whose glucoses are uncontrolled
A 76-year-old patient had the following arterial blood gas sample after his stomach surgery in
which his gastric content and fluid were removed: pH 7.55, PCO2 50, HCO3 35. What acidbase
imbalance is most likely in this patient? - (ANSWER)Metabolic alkalosis, compensating
A 50-year-old male visits the cardiologist for an EKG. Results indicate that he has no
PR interval and a variable QRS rate with rhythm irregularity. Which of the following is
the most likely diagnosis to be recorded on the chart? - (ANSWER)Atrial fibrillation
A 65-year-old male is transported to the ER for chest pain. An electrocardiogram
reveals a prolonged QRS interval. What is the nurse monitoring when the nurse
observes the QRS complex on the electrocardiogram? The QRS complex reflects: - (ANSWER)Ventricular
activity
Which is one of the acid/base conditions that would cause the nurse to monitor for hyperkalemia? -
(ANSWER)metabolic acidosis
A 20-year-old male is in acute pain with restlessness and anxiety. An arterial blood gas
reveals decreased carbon dioxide (CO2) levels. Which of the following does the nurse
suspect is the most likely cause? - (ANSWER)hyperventilation
A 24-year-old female presents with excessive menstrual bleeding. The physician identified
endometrial changes that are due to hormonal imbalances. These cellular changes would be
,NURS231 - PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM PREP QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025
referred to as: - (ANSWER)Pathologic hyperplasia
A 34-year-old was diagnosed with malignant tumor (cancer). The nurse teaches the patient
about malignant cells. Which of the following is most appropriate explanation when describing
malignant cells? - (ANSWER)Malignant cells are dysplastic cells and are irreversible
A characteristic of a malignant tumor includes that it: - (ANSWER)can spread far from the tissue of origin
A 25-year-old male develops cancer of the breast glandular tissue. What type of cancer does he
have? - (ANSWER)adenocarcinoma
When planning care for a cardiac patient, the nurse knows that in response to an increased
workload, cardiac myocardial cells will: - (ANSWER)Increase in size
The term apoptosis is appropriately defined as: - (ANSWER)programmed cell death
A report comes back indicating that muscular atrophy has occurred. A nurse recalls that
muscular atrophy involves a decrease in muscle cell - (ANSWER)size
A nursing student is studying about cancer and the associated risks for cancer. The instructor
knows the student understands cancer when which of the following are associated risks for
cancer? - (ANSWER)-Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
-hepatitis C virus (HCV)
-hepatitis B virus (HBV)
-human papillomavirus (HPV)
A primary care provider is attempting to diagnose cancer and is looking for a tumor marker.
, NURS231 - PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM PREP QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025
Which of the following could be a possible marker? - (ANSWER)Enzymes
A 30-year-old homeless was seen in the emergency room with productive cough of bloodtinged
sputum. His chest x-ray showed granulomatous disease. Upon further questioning, he
was found to have had tuberculosis (TB) in distant past. TB infections are likely to result in
which of the following forms of necrosis? - (ANSWER)caseous
When discussing body fluid, it is correct to state that: - (ANSWER)Two-thirds of the body's water is
intracellular.
Rationale: One-third is extracellular. There are two components of the extracellular compartment:
interstitial and intravascular. Total body water is about 60% of body weight.
Which of the following statements is TRUE? When discussing body fluid movement, it is correct to state
that:
A) Potassium is the most abundant extracellular fluid (ECF) ion.
B) Sodium maintains the osmotic balance of the intracellular fluid (ICF) space.
C) Water moves freely across membranes.
D) Aquaporins block water movement across the membrane. - (ANSWER)C) Water moves freely across
the capillary or cell membrane.
Rationale: Aquaporins are a family of water channel proteins that provide permeability to water at the
capillary membrane. Sodium is the major ECF cation, and potassium is the major ICF cation; this is due to
the sodium-potassium pump.
When discussing aldosterone, it is correct to state that: - (ANSWER)It is a hormone that is secreted when
sodium levels are depressed.
Rationale: Aldosterone is a minerocorticoid secreted from the adrenal gland that is located on the
kidney. Aldosterone is secreted when potassium is increased or sodium is decreased. Therefore, it
While viewing the electrocardiogram, the nurse recalls the _____ conducts action
potentials down the atrioventricular septum. - (ANSWER)Bundle of His
Which of the following patient would be most prone to metabolic acidosis? A patient with: -
(ANSWER)Diabetes whose glucoses are uncontrolled
A 76-year-old patient had the following arterial blood gas sample after his stomach surgery in
which his gastric content and fluid were removed: pH 7.55, PCO2 50, HCO3 35. What acidbase
imbalance is most likely in this patient? - (ANSWER)Metabolic alkalosis, compensating
A 50-year-old male visits the cardiologist for an EKG. Results indicate that he has no
PR interval and a variable QRS rate with rhythm irregularity. Which of the following is
the most likely diagnosis to be recorded on the chart? - (ANSWER)Atrial fibrillation
A 65-year-old male is transported to the ER for chest pain. An electrocardiogram
reveals a prolonged QRS interval. What is the nurse monitoring when the nurse
observes the QRS complex on the electrocardiogram? The QRS complex reflects: - (ANSWER)Ventricular
activity
Which is one of the acid/base conditions that would cause the nurse to monitor for hyperkalemia? -
(ANSWER)metabolic acidosis
A 20-year-old male is in acute pain with restlessness and anxiety. An arterial blood gas
reveals decreased carbon dioxide (CO2) levels. Which of the following does the nurse
suspect is the most likely cause? - (ANSWER)hyperventilation
A 24-year-old female presents with excessive menstrual bleeding. The physician identified
endometrial changes that are due to hormonal imbalances. These cellular changes would be
,NURS231 - PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM PREP QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025
referred to as: - (ANSWER)Pathologic hyperplasia
A 34-year-old was diagnosed with malignant tumor (cancer). The nurse teaches the patient
about malignant cells. Which of the following is most appropriate explanation when describing
malignant cells? - (ANSWER)Malignant cells are dysplastic cells and are irreversible
A characteristic of a malignant tumor includes that it: - (ANSWER)can spread far from the tissue of origin
A 25-year-old male develops cancer of the breast glandular tissue. What type of cancer does he
have? - (ANSWER)adenocarcinoma
When planning care for a cardiac patient, the nurse knows that in response to an increased
workload, cardiac myocardial cells will: - (ANSWER)Increase in size
The term apoptosis is appropriately defined as: - (ANSWER)programmed cell death
A report comes back indicating that muscular atrophy has occurred. A nurse recalls that
muscular atrophy involves a decrease in muscle cell - (ANSWER)size
A nursing student is studying about cancer and the associated risks for cancer. The instructor
knows the student understands cancer when which of the following are associated risks for
cancer? - (ANSWER)-Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
-hepatitis C virus (HCV)
-hepatitis B virus (HBV)
-human papillomavirus (HPV)
A primary care provider is attempting to diagnose cancer and is looking for a tumor marker.
, NURS231 - PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM PREP QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025
Which of the following could be a possible marker? - (ANSWER)Enzymes
A 30-year-old homeless was seen in the emergency room with productive cough of bloodtinged
sputum. His chest x-ray showed granulomatous disease. Upon further questioning, he
was found to have had tuberculosis (TB) in distant past. TB infections are likely to result in
which of the following forms of necrosis? - (ANSWER)caseous
When discussing body fluid, it is correct to state that: - (ANSWER)Two-thirds of the body's water is
intracellular.
Rationale: One-third is extracellular. There are two components of the extracellular compartment:
interstitial and intravascular. Total body water is about 60% of body weight.
Which of the following statements is TRUE? When discussing body fluid movement, it is correct to state
that:
A) Potassium is the most abundant extracellular fluid (ECF) ion.
B) Sodium maintains the osmotic balance of the intracellular fluid (ICF) space.
C) Water moves freely across membranes.
D) Aquaporins block water movement across the membrane. - (ANSWER)C) Water moves freely across
the capillary or cell membrane.
Rationale: Aquaporins are a family of water channel proteins that provide permeability to water at the
capillary membrane. Sodium is the major ECF cation, and potassium is the major ICF cation; this is due to
the sodium-potassium pump.
When discussing aldosterone, it is correct to state that: - (ANSWER)It is a hormone that is secreted when
sodium levels are depressed.
Rationale: Aldosterone is a minerocorticoid secreted from the adrenal gland that is located on the
kidney. Aldosterone is secreted when potassium is increased or sodium is decreased. Therefore, it
