Test Bank for Theories of
Personality (10th Edition) –
Richard M. Ryckman – Complete
Chapters 1–18
1
,CHAPTER 1—PERSONALITY AND THE SCIENTIFIC OUTLOOK
b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e
CHAPTER OUTLINE b-e
I. Why study personality? The study of human personality helps us understand ourselves
b-e b-e b - e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
eand other people better and gives us a greater appreciation for the complexity of human
b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
eexperience.
II.Definition of Personality: Personality is the dynamic and organized set of
b - e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
echaracteristics possessed by an individual that uniquely influences his or her cognitions,
b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
emotivations and behaviors in various situations. b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e
III. Personality and Science: Personality is a scientific enterprise concerned with the description,
b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
eexplanation, prediction, and control of events. b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e
A. Components of Science: Theories and Research Methods
b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e
1. What are theories? A theory is a system of interrelated conceptual statements that
b-e b-e b - e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
are created by investigators to account for a phenomenon or a set of phenomena.
e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e
2. Kinds of theories b-e b-e
a. inductive-sets of general summary statements about phenomena derived from facts. b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e
b. deductive-theories in which specific hypotheses are derived from abstract propositions b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
and then tested by the collection of data. Deductive theories consist of postulates,
e b-e b-e b - e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
propositions, conceptual definitions, operational definitions, hypotheses, and
e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
empirical observations.
e b-e
1. postulates-the fundamental or core assumptions of a theory. They are taken as self- b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e
evidently true in order to provide a clear and focused direction for theorizing and
b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
research. e
2. propositions- general relational statements that may be true or false. They are not tested b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
directly; instead, hypotheses are derived from them.
e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e
3. hypotheses-specific propositions containing constructs that are conceptually defined and b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
operationalized so they can tested and confirmed or disconfirmed through empirical
e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
testing. Hypotheses are tentative theoretical statements about how events are related to
e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
one another, often stated as predictions.
e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e
a. a prior predictions-predictions made before the collection of data.
b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e
4. conceptual definitions- concepts in the hypotheses are defined precisely so that accurate
b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
measures of the concepts can be devised.
e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e
5. operational definitions- procedures (or operations) used to define particular constructs.
b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e
6. empirical observations-observations of phenomena made by investigators.b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e
2
,1V. Research Methods Used to Test Theories
b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e
A.Experimental Method-technique for studying cause-and- effect relationships b - e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
between variables. It involves the manipulation of independent variables and
e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
observation of the effects of the manipulation(s) on dependent variables.
e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e
1. independent variables-the variables actively manipulated by the experimenter so thatb-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
their effects on individual behavior can be observed.
e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e
2. dependent variables-changes in behavior that occur as a result of the manipulation of
b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
conditions by an experimenter.
e b-e b-e b-e
3. control group-the group that does not receive the experimental treatment. It is
b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
designed to provide baseline data against which the effects of the experimental
e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
manipulation(s) on the dependent variable(s) can be accurately judged.
e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e
B.Correlational Method-general procedure for establishing an association or b - e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
relationship between events.
e b-e b-e
1. positive correlation-increases in the scores on one variable are associated with
b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
increases in the scores on the other variable.
e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e
2. negative correlation-increases in the scores on one variable are associated with
b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
decreases in the scores on the other.
e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e
3. no relation-the distributions of scores on the two variables are random
b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e
C.Case Study Method-technique involving the intensive study of a single person in order
b - e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
to understand his or her unique personality and behavior.
e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e
1. post-hoc explanation-explanation of a phenomenon given after its occurrence.
b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e
V. Ethics for Conducting Research
b-e b-e b-e b-e
A.informed consent-the practice of telling study participants about the nature of
b - e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
their participation in a proposed experiment and then obtaining their written
e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
agreement to participate.
e b-e b-e
B.debriefing-informing study participants of the true nature and purpose of a study after it b - e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
is completed.
e b-e
VI. Criteria for Evaluating Theories
b-e b-e b-e b-e
A.Comprehensiveness-theories are judged as more adequate and useful if they b - e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
encompass and account for a wide range and variety of phenomena.
e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e
B.Precision and testability- adequate theories should contain constructs and
b - e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
relational statements that are clearly and explicitly stated and measured. Under such
e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
conditions, theories can be more accurately tested.
e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e
C.Parsimony- adequate theories should be as economical as possible, while still
b - e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
adequately accounting for the phenomena in their domain.
e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e
D.Empirical validity- the hypotheses of theories are tested by the collection of data
b - e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
to determine whether or not they are accurate.
e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e
3
, E. Heuristic value- adequate theories should be challenging; they should stimulate new
b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
eideas and new research.
b-e b-e b-e
F. Applied value- adequate theories are capable of providing creative solutions to
b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
eproblems that are of interest and concern to people in society.
b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e
4
Personality (10th Edition) –
Richard M. Ryckman – Complete
Chapters 1–18
1
,CHAPTER 1—PERSONALITY AND THE SCIENTIFIC OUTLOOK
b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e
CHAPTER OUTLINE b-e
I. Why study personality? The study of human personality helps us understand ourselves
b-e b-e b - e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
eand other people better and gives us a greater appreciation for the complexity of human
b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
eexperience.
II.Definition of Personality: Personality is the dynamic and organized set of
b - e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
echaracteristics possessed by an individual that uniquely influences his or her cognitions,
b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
emotivations and behaviors in various situations. b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e
III. Personality and Science: Personality is a scientific enterprise concerned with the description,
b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
eexplanation, prediction, and control of events. b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e
A. Components of Science: Theories and Research Methods
b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e
1. What are theories? A theory is a system of interrelated conceptual statements that
b-e b-e b - e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
are created by investigators to account for a phenomenon or a set of phenomena.
e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e
2. Kinds of theories b-e b-e
a. inductive-sets of general summary statements about phenomena derived from facts. b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e
b. deductive-theories in which specific hypotheses are derived from abstract propositions b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
and then tested by the collection of data. Deductive theories consist of postulates,
e b-e b-e b - e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
propositions, conceptual definitions, operational definitions, hypotheses, and
e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
empirical observations.
e b-e
1. postulates-the fundamental or core assumptions of a theory. They are taken as self- b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e
evidently true in order to provide a clear and focused direction for theorizing and
b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
research. e
2. propositions- general relational statements that may be true or false. They are not tested b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
directly; instead, hypotheses are derived from them.
e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e
3. hypotheses-specific propositions containing constructs that are conceptually defined and b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
operationalized so they can tested and confirmed or disconfirmed through empirical
e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
testing. Hypotheses are tentative theoretical statements about how events are related to
e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
one another, often stated as predictions.
e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e
a. a prior predictions-predictions made before the collection of data.
b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e
4. conceptual definitions- concepts in the hypotheses are defined precisely so that accurate
b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
measures of the concepts can be devised.
e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e
5. operational definitions- procedures (or operations) used to define particular constructs.
b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e
6. empirical observations-observations of phenomena made by investigators.b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e
2
,1V. Research Methods Used to Test Theories
b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e
A.Experimental Method-technique for studying cause-and- effect relationships b - e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
between variables. It involves the manipulation of independent variables and
e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
observation of the effects of the manipulation(s) on dependent variables.
e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e
1. independent variables-the variables actively manipulated by the experimenter so thatb-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
their effects on individual behavior can be observed.
e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e
2. dependent variables-changes in behavior that occur as a result of the manipulation of
b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
conditions by an experimenter.
e b-e b-e b-e
3. control group-the group that does not receive the experimental treatment. It is
b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
designed to provide baseline data against which the effects of the experimental
e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
manipulation(s) on the dependent variable(s) can be accurately judged.
e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e
B.Correlational Method-general procedure for establishing an association or b - e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
relationship between events.
e b-e b-e
1. positive correlation-increases in the scores on one variable are associated with
b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
increases in the scores on the other variable.
e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e
2. negative correlation-increases in the scores on one variable are associated with
b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
decreases in the scores on the other.
e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e
3. no relation-the distributions of scores on the two variables are random
b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e
C.Case Study Method-technique involving the intensive study of a single person in order
b - e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
to understand his or her unique personality and behavior.
e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e
1. post-hoc explanation-explanation of a phenomenon given after its occurrence.
b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e
V. Ethics for Conducting Research
b-e b-e b-e b-e
A.informed consent-the practice of telling study participants about the nature of
b - e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
their participation in a proposed experiment and then obtaining their written
e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
agreement to participate.
e b-e b-e
B.debriefing-informing study participants of the true nature and purpose of a study after it b - e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
is completed.
e b-e
VI. Criteria for Evaluating Theories
b-e b-e b-e b-e
A.Comprehensiveness-theories are judged as more adequate and useful if they b - e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
encompass and account for a wide range and variety of phenomena.
e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e
B.Precision and testability- adequate theories should contain constructs and
b - e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
relational statements that are clearly and explicitly stated and measured. Under such
e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
conditions, theories can be more accurately tested.
e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e
C.Parsimony- adequate theories should be as economical as possible, while still
b - e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
adequately accounting for the phenomena in their domain.
e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e
D.Empirical validity- the hypotheses of theories are tested by the collection of data
b - e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
to determine whether or not they are accurate.
e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e
3
, E. Heuristic value- adequate theories should be challenging; they should stimulate new
b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
eideas and new research.
b-e b-e b-e
F. Applied value- adequate theories are capable of providing creative solutions to
b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-
eproblems that are of interest and concern to people in society.
b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e
4
