PSYC 388- FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT ANSWERS. VERIFIED
2025/2026.
List 5 factors that influenced the development of counselling in Canada since the 1960s. -
ANS - There was a shift to group therapy in the 60s
- In the 90s, there was a focus on counselling issues related to the whole person.
-Canadian guidance Counsellor's association was created in 1965.
-Counselling became a distinct profession in the 1980s.
-The first counselling section was formed by CPA in 1986. This was important because it
distinguished counselling from other psychological professions.
-In 1989, CPA established accreditation criteria for their doctoral program in counselling.
E.G. Williamson - ANS Created the first counselling theory in the 1930s.
Clifford Beers - ANS He was hospitalized for mental illness. He advocated for better treatment
of patients and for better mental health facilities.
Frank Parsons - ANS Founder of vocational guidance
Carl Rogers - ANS Had a humanistic view; developed person-centered therapy.
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,Albert Ellis - ANS Developed rational emotive therapy. It's a type of cognitive therapy that
focuses on changing the client's irrational beliefs.
Eric Berne - ANS Father of transactional analysis. Said there are 3 ego states: the child, the
adult, and the parent.
Aaron Beck - ANS Pioneer in cognitive therapy. His method helps patients identify automatic
thoughts and reactions, and helps them develop more beneficial reactions.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - ANS (level 1) Physiological Needs, (level 2) Safety and Security,
(level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection, (level 4) Self Esteem, (level 5) Self Actualization
Diff between Canada and US in counselling - ANS Counselling in USA grew out of professional
psychology; in Canada grew out of educational psychology.
1980s counselling also changed because of - ANS attention to gender issues and sexual
preferences, feminist theory, renewed emphasis on moral development, challenges of working
with different ethnic and cultural groups.
Lawrence Kohlberg - ANS moral development; presented boys moral dilemmas and studied
their responses and reasoning processes in making moral decisions. Most famous moral
dilemma is "Heinz" who has an ill wife and cannot afford the medication. Should he steal the
medication and why?
Wellness Mode --2000 - ANS Wellness Mode --2000
Describe how the vocational guidance movement in public schools, and later in Canadian
colleges and universities, contributed to the growth of the profession of counselling in Canada. -
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,ANS Counsellors and guidance counsellors started to replace teachers in schools in areas of
testing and counselling. School boards begin hiring full-time counsellors as a result of the rising
popularity of Rogers' humanistic approach. Counselling became to be seen as a crucial part of
schools and should be its own profession.
An important difference between psychiatrists and other allied mental health professionals is: -
ANS their ability to provide and monitor psychotropic medication
Guidance deals with ___. counselling deals with ___ - ANS choice; change
Good qualities for effective counsellor (12) - ANS Curiosity,
ability to listen,
empathy,
comfort with conversation,
emotional intelligence,
introspection,
capacity for self-denial,
comfort with power,
ability to laugh,
monitor own biases,
ask for clarification,
explore racial and cultural differences
Bad reasons for becoming a counsellor (6) - ANS 1. Emotional distress,
2. Vicarious coping,
3. loneliness,
4. Desire for Power,
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, 5. Need for love,
6. Vicarious rebellion
identify the symptoms of burnout, describe its treatment, and identify ways to prevent it. -
ANS state of becoming emotionally or physically drained to the point that one cannot
perform functions meaningfully.
Counsellors develop a negative self-concept, negative job attitude, and even a loss of concern,
compassion, and feeling for others.
It's the most common personal consequence of being a counsellor.
To avoid burnout, counsellors need to modify their environment as well as the individual and
interpersonal factors associated with it.
Burnout can also be avoided/treated by: associating with healthy individuals, using stress-
reduction exercises, engaging in self-assessment, setting aside free and private time.
differentiate between the disciplines of counselling, social work, psychology, and psychiatry. -
ANS Counselling: Most professional counsellors in Canada are either social workers or
counselling psychologists.
Social work: Need BSW or MSw
Psychology: Can have a PhD, EdD, PsyD. Graduates need to complete a practicum.
Psychiatry: Need a doctoral degree. The only ones who can prescribe medications. Usually use
the medical model.
describe the education/credentialing processes related to the various counselling professionals
in Canada. - ANS CCPA accredits master's programs in Canada that are counselling related.
To be accredited by CCPA, the program must require minimum 48 hours semester hours and
meet core competencies such as: counselling as a profession, issues in counselling, etc. Students
must complete a 100hr practicum, and a 400hr practicum.
Counselling psychology: 4 CPA accredited programs in Canada. U of A, McGill, UBC, Ontario
Institute for studies in education.
4 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
AND CORRECT ANSWERS. VERIFIED
2025/2026.
List 5 factors that influenced the development of counselling in Canada since the 1960s. -
ANS - There was a shift to group therapy in the 60s
- In the 90s, there was a focus on counselling issues related to the whole person.
-Canadian guidance Counsellor's association was created in 1965.
-Counselling became a distinct profession in the 1980s.
-The first counselling section was formed by CPA in 1986. This was important because it
distinguished counselling from other psychological professions.
-In 1989, CPA established accreditation criteria for their doctoral program in counselling.
E.G. Williamson - ANS Created the first counselling theory in the 1930s.
Clifford Beers - ANS He was hospitalized for mental illness. He advocated for better treatment
of patients and for better mental health facilities.
Frank Parsons - ANS Founder of vocational guidance
Carl Rogers - ANS Had a humanistic view; developed person-centered therapy.
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,Albert Ellis - ANS Developed rational emotive therapy. It's a type of cognitive therapy that
focuses on changing the client's irrational beliefs.
Eric Berne - ANS Father of transactional analysis. Said there are 3 ego states: the child, the
adult, and the parent.
Aaron Beck - ANS Pioneer in cognitive therapy. His method helps patients identify automatic
thoughts and reactions, and helps them develop more beneficial reactions.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - ANS (level 1) Physiological Needs, (level 2) Safety and Security,
(level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection, (level 4) Self Esteem, (level 5) Self Actualization
Diff between Canada and US in counselling - ANS Counselling in USA grew out of professional
psychology; in Canada grew out of educational psychology.
1980s counselling also changed because of - ANS attention to gender issues and sexual
preferences, feminist theory, renewed emphasis on moral development, challenges of working
with different ethnic and cultural groups.
Lawrence Kohlberg - ANS moral development; presented boys moral dilemmas and studied
their responses and reasoning processes in making moral decisions. Most famous moral
dilemma is "Heinz" who has an ill wife and cannot afford the medication. Should he steal the
medication and why?
Wellness Mode --2000 - ANS Wellness Mode --2000
Describe how the vocational guidance movement in public schools, and later in Canadian
colleges and universities, contributed to the growth of the profession of counselling in Canada. -
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,ANS Counsellors and guidance counsellors started to replace teachers in schools in areas of
testing and counselling. School boards begin hiring full-time counsellors as a result of the rising
popularity of Rogers' humanistic approach. Counselling became to be seen as a crucial part of
schools and should be its own profession.
An important difference between psychiatrists and other allied mental health professionals is: -
ANS their ability to provide and monitor psychotropic medication
Guidance deals with ___. counselling deals with ___ - ANS choice; change
Good qualities for effective counsellor (12) - ANS Curiosity,
ability to listen,
empathy,
comfort with conversation,
emotional intelligence,
introspection,
capacity for self-denial,
comfort with power,
ability to laugh,
monitor own biases,
ask for clarification,
explore racial and cultural differences
Bad reasons for becoming a counsellor (6) - ANS 1. Emotional distress,
2. Vicarious coping,
3. loneliness,
4. Desire for Power,
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, 5. Need for love,
6. Vicarious rebellion
identify the symptoms of burnout, describe its treatment, and identify ways to prevent it. -
ANS state of becoming emotionally or physically drained to the point that one cannot
perform functions meaningfully.
Counsellors develop a negative self-concept, negative job attitude, and even a loss of concern,
compassion, and feeling for others.
It's the most common personal consequence of being a counsellor.
To avoid burnout, counsellors need to modify their environment as well as the individual and
interpersonal factors associated with it.
Burnout can also be avoided/treated by: associating with healthy individuals, using stress-
reduction exercises, engaging in self-assessment, setting aside free and private time.
differentiate between the disciplines of counselling, social work, psychology, and psychiatry. -
ANS Counselling: Most professional counsellors in Canada are either social workers or
counselling psychologists.
Social work: Need BSW or MSw
Psychology: Can have a PhD, EdD, PsyD. Graduates need to complete a practicum.
Psychiatry: Need a doctoral degree. The only ones who can prescribe medications. Usually use
the medical model.
describe the education/credentialing processes related to the various counselling professionals
in Canada. - ANS CCPA accredits master's programs in Canada that are counselling related.
To be accredited by CCPA, the program must require minimum 48 hours semester hours and
meet core competencies such as: counselling as a profession, issues in counselling, etc. Students
must complete a 100hr practicum, and a 400hr practicum.
Counselling psychology: 4 CPA accredited programs in Canada. U of A, McGill, UBC, Ontario
Institute for studies in education.
4 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
