NSG 532 EXAM 2 UPDATED QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT ANSWERS.
What are the 3 functional anatomical elements of the endocrine system? - ANS Primary
Endocrine Glands
Accessory Endocrinocytes all over the body systems
Hormones
What is the function of the endocrine system? - ANS Control functions of other systems in
the body to maintain physiologic homeostasis
How is the endocrine system controlled? - ANS By nerve impulses, neurotransmitters, and
the hormones produced by itself
Describe the overall steps of endocrine communication - ANS 1. Starts w/stimulation --
usually a change in internal/external environment
2. Endocrine cells produce hormones
3. The signal (hormone) travels through blood circulation
4. The hormone reaches a target cell w/receptors for the hormone
5. Ligand binds to receptor
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,6. Creates a signal transduction
7. Signal transduction leads to a physiologic response
What can endocrine cells be stimulated by? - ANS Homeostatic changes in biomolecules and
minerals in the plasma (Na, K, Ca, GLU, etc)
By other hormones (example hypothalamic hormones and pituitary hormones
By nerve impulses and neurotransmitters
By immune responses ---pro/anti inflammatory cytokines
What is the difference between Endocrine and Exocrine glands? - ANS Endocrine --closed--
release hormones into the bloodstream
Exocrine--open--release hormones directly onto body surfaces/cavities; have a duct
What are the main endocrine glands?
What is a defining feature of all these glands? - ANS Hypothalamus
Pituitary Gland
Pineal Gland
They are neuroendocrine glands --contain both endocrine and nervous tissues
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,What are the secondary endocrine glands? Why are they called secondary? - ANS Thyroid
Parathyroid
Thymus
Adrenals
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testis
These glands are controlled by the main glands. They produce the terminal hormones
Describe accessory endocrinocytes. What are the accessory endocrinocytes? - ANS Cells
which produce hormones, but are not directly part of the endocrine system. They are located in
other organs/parts of the body system.
1. Heart: Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
2. Stomach: Gastrin; Ghrelin
3. Small intestine: Secretini; Cholecystokinin (CCK); Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Peptide
4. Kidney: Calcitriool; Erythropoietin
5. Placenta: Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
6. Adipocytes: Leptin; Adiponectin, Resistin
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, What is an example of a mixed gland? - ANS Pancreas
Has both exocrine and endocrine functions
Describe neuroendocrine cells - ANS Relay information between the endocrine system and
the nervous system
Receive Neuronal Input from the ANS and release hormones into blood
Major center of neuroendocrine integration is the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland
Example is the neuroendocrine glands of the adrenal medulla
What are the three classes of hormones? Their characteristics? - ANS Peptide/Protein
Hormones: hydrophilic (lipophobic)
Amine Hormones: Hydrophilic or hydrophobic (lipophobic or lipophilic)
Steroid Hormones: Hydrophobic (lipophilic)
Describe the process of biosynthesis of peptide/protein hormones - ANS A stimulus interacts
with a hormonal gene
The hormonal gene transcribes an mRNA
The mRNA is translated in ribosomes to form a Pre-Prohormone
4 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
AND CORRECT ANSWERS.
What are the 3 functional anatomical elements of the endocrine system? - ANS Primary
Endocrine Glands
Accessory Endocrinocytes all over the body systems
Hormones
What is the function of the endocrine system? - ANS Control functions of other systems in
the body to maintain physiologic homeostasis
How is the endocrine system controlled? - ANS By nerve impulses, neurotransmitters, and
the hormones produced by itself
Describe the overall steps of endocrine communication - ANS 1. Starts w/stimulation --
usually a change in internal/external environment
2. Endocrine cells produce hormones
3. The signal (hormone) travels through blood circulation
4. The hormone reaches a target cell w/receptors for the hormone
5. Ligand binds to receptor
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,6. Creates a signal transduction
7. Signal transduction leads to a physiologic response
What can endocrine cells be stimulated by? - ANS Homeostatic changes in biomolecules and
minerals in the plasma (Na, K, Ca, GLU, etc)
By other hormones (example hypothalamic hormones and pituitary hormones
By nerve impulses and neurotransmitters
By immune responses ---pro/anti inflammatory cytokines
What is the difference between Endocrine and Exocrine glands? - ANS Endocrine --closed--
release hormones into the bloodstream
Exocrine--open--release hormones directly onto body surfaces/cavities; have a duct
What are the main endocrine glands?
What is a defining feature of all these glands? - ANS Hypothalamus
Pituitary Gland
Pineal Gland
They are neuroendocrine glands --contain both endocrine and nervous tissues
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,What are the secondary endocrine glands? Why are they called secondary? - ANS Thyroid
Parathyroid
Thymus
Adrenals
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testis
These glands are controlled by the main glands. They produce the terminal hormones
Describe accessory endocrinocytes. What are the accessory endocrinocytes? - ANS Cells
which produce hormones, but are not directly part of the endocrine system. They are located in
other organs/parts of the body system.
1. Heart: Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
2. Stomach: Gastrin; Ghrelin
3. Small intestine: Secretini; Cholecystokinin (CCK); Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Peptide
4. Kidney: Calcitriool; Erythropoietin
5. Placenta: Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
6. Adipocytes: Leptin; Adiponectin, Resistin
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, What is an example of a mixed gland? - ANS Pancreas
Has both exocrine and endocrine functions
Describe neuroendocrine cells - ANS Relay information between the endocrine system and
the nervous system
Receive Neuronal Input from the ANS and release hormones into blood
Major center of neuroendocrine integration is the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland
Example is the neuroendocrine glands of the adrenal medulla
What are the three classes of hormones? Their characteristics? - ANS Peptide/Protein
Hormones: hydrophilic (lipophobic)
Amine Hormones: Hydrophilic or hydrophobic (lipophobic or lipophilic)
Steroid Hormones: Hydrophobic (lipophilic)
Describe the process of biosynthesis of peptide/protein hormones - ANS A stimulus interacts
with a hormonal gene
The hormonal gene transcribes an mRNA
The mRNA is translated in ribosomes to form a Pre-Prohormone
4 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
