Ocr A level biology paper 2
1,4 glycosidic bond - ANS-Glycosidic bond formed between carbon1 of first monosaccharide
and carbon 4 of the second monosaccharide
\1,6 glycosidic bond - ANS-Glycosidic bond formed between carbon1 of first monosaccharide
and carbon 6 of the second monosaccharide
\Abiotic Factor - ANS-A non living factor that influences populations.
\Accuracy - ANS-How close a measurement is to the true value. However, the true value may
not be known
\activation energy - ANS-The added energy required before a reaction can take place
\Activator - ANS-A transcription factor that increases the rate of transcription
\active site - ANS-An area within the tertiary structure of the enzyme able to bind to the
substrate
\Adenosine triphosphate ATP - ANS-A molecule consisting of adenine, ribose and three
phosphate groups. It transfers energy within cells when it is hydrolysed into ADP and Pi.
\adhesion - ANS-Water molecules are attracted to surfaces by hydrogen bonds
\Agglutination - ANS-The clumping together of pathogens using antibodies
\Agrobacterium tumefaciens - ANS-A bacterium used to introduce genes into a plant cell in
order to produce genetically modified plants.
\All tests. - ANS-Add sample to a test tube and crush with a stirring rod.
\Allele - ANS-Alternative version of the same gene.
\Allele - ANS-Alternative versions of a gene that produce distinguishable phenotypic effects.
\Allele - ANS-An alternative version of a gene.
\Allele - ANS-Different forms of the same gene.
\Allopatric speciation - ANS-Populations become geographically isolated and, as a result of
natural selection, form new species.
\alpha helix - ANS-H bonds form between amino acids in the polypeptide pulling it into a spiral
shape.
\amine group - ANS-A nitrogen atom with 2 hydrogen atoms attached
\Amino acid - ANS-Protein monomer, composed of an amine group, carboxyl group and a
variable R group attached to a central carbon atom.
\Ammonification - ANS-Decomposition of proteins in dead organic matter to release ammonia.
\Amylopectin - ANS-Long chain polymer of alpha glucose with some short side branches
\Amylose - ANS-Coiled,long chain polymer of alpha glucose
\anabolic - ANS-A reaction that builds a bigger molecule from smaller ones e.g. protein
synthesis
\Anomaly - ANS-All results show variation. This describes a result that lies beyond this variation.
\antibiotic resistance - ANS-Resistance evolving rapidly in many species of prokaryotes due to
overuse of antibiotics, especially in agriculture.
\Antibiotics - ANS-Any substance produced by a microorganism that can harm or kill another
microorganisms
\Antibody - ANS-Plasma proteins with specific antigen -binding sites,constant and hinge regions
,\Anticodon - ANS-3 bases on the tRNA molecule, that is complementary to the codon on the
mRNA.
\Antigen - ANS-A molecule that triggers the immune response
\antigen presenting cell - ANS-these are cells that recognizes antigens and brings them into the
cell by phagocytosis; the cells then breaks up the antigen and present them on the cell surface
membrane
\Apoptosis - ANS-A highly controlled process by which cells are broken down. part of
programmed cell death.
\Artificial embryo twinning - ANS-Method of cloning animals by separating the individual cells of
an early embryo to form a number of genetically identical embryos.
\Artificial selection - ANS-When humans select which individuals in a population to breed
together in order to get desirable traits.
\aseptic conditions - ANS-Working in a manner which avoids introducing foreign bacteria into a
pure culture, or contaminating either the environment or the experimenter.
\Aseptic technique - ANS-precautions taken to prevent contamination with unwanted
microorganisms
\Autoimmune disease - ANS-A disease in which the immune system attacks the organisms own
cells
\Autosomal linkage - ANS-Genes coding for different characteristics, found on the same non-sex
chromosome, are said to be linked.
\Autosome - ANS-Any chromosome that is NOT a sex chromosome.
\Azotobactor - ANS-Free living Nitrogen fixing bacteria
\Bacteriophage - ANS-A virus that infects a bacterium and can be used as a DNA vector.
\Bar chart - ANS-A graph used to display discontinuous discrete data e.g. blood group. The bars
do not touch
\Batch culture - ANS-The growth of bacteria in a closed system without inputs of nutrients.
\beta pleated sheet - ANS-Forms where polypeptide chains lie parallel to each other. Held
together by H bonds
\Binomial nomenclature - ANS-A system for giving each organism a two-word scientific name
that consists of the genus name (initial letter written with a capital letter) followed by the species
name (Lower case). Written in italics/underlined.
\Biodiversity - ANS-The number of different ecosystems and habitats in an area, the number of
species within those ecosystems and the genetic variation within each species.
\Bioinformatics - ANS-The use of computers, software, and mathematical models to process
and integrate biological information from large data sets.
\biological catalyst - ANS-Increases the rate of a chemical reaction.
Works under normal biological conditions of temperature and pressure.
Not used up in the reaction
\Biomass - ANS-Mass of living material per unit area.
\bioremediation - ANS-the use of organisms to remove toxic materials from the environment
\biotechnology - ANS-The manipulation of living organisms or their components to produce
useful products.
\Biotic factor - ANS-A living factor that influences populations in an ecosystem
, \Biuret test for proteins - ANS-Add NaOH to a protein sample, add weak CuSO4 and a purple
solution forms
\Bivalent - ANS-Formed when a pair of homologous chromosomes pair up during prophase I of
meiosis.
\Blood clotting - ANS-platelets,cells and fibres form a mesh at a cut preventing blood loss and
entry of pathogens. Scab forms
\Callose - ANS-A polysaccharide made by plant cells in defence against attack by pests and
pathogens
\callus - ANS-A mass of dividing, undifferentiated cells at the cut end of a shoot.
\Cambium - ANS-The meristematic cells that divide to produce new xylem and phloem when a
plant increases in girth.
\Carbohydrate - ANS-an organic molecule containing C,H and O, with twice as much H as O
\carboxyl group - ANS-An organic acid goup
\Carrier - ANS-Individual who has an allele, often for a disease, which is not expressed in the
phenotype i.e. they are heterozygous.
\carrier protein - ANS-Transmembrane proteins that transport water soluble and large molecules
by binding to the molecule, changing shape and releasing the molecule on the other side of the
membrane
\Carrying capacity - ANS-The maximum population size of a species that a particular habitat can
support over time.
\catabolic - ANS-A reaction that breaks down a big molecule into smaller ones
\CBD - ANS-Convention of Biological Diversity (1992/3)
\Cell wall - ANS-Made of a mesh of cellulose. Strengthens plant cells.
\Cellulose - ANS-Long chain polymer of Beta glucose where alternate Beta glucose molecules
are inverted
\Centrioles - ANS-Microtubules involved in the separation of chromosomes.
\Centrioles - ANS-Pair of cylindrical structures, consisting of microtubules which organise the
spindle fibres.
\Centromere - ANS-Structure responsible holding sister chromatids together and attaching
chromosomes to spindle fibres.
\Chain termination method - ANS-Method of DNA sequencing that uses dideoxynucleotides.
\Channel protein - ANS-Transmembrane proteins that transport soluble ions down a
concentration gradient through a tunnel through the protein
\Checkpoint - ANS-How cell division is regulated. If stages are not completed successfully then
cell division should stop and the cell return to the resting stage.
\Chiasmata - ANS-The place where crossing over can be seen to have occurred.
\Chloroplast. - ANS-A membrane bound organelle containing thylakoid membranes. The site of
photosynthesis.
\Chlorosis - ANS-When plants don't produce enough chlorophyll and turn yellow eg due to lack
of magnesium in the soil.
\Cholesterol - ANS-One of the steroids group of lipids. It possess hydrophilic and hydrophobic
regions. Cholesterol is an important component in cell membrane structure
\Cilia - ANS-Hair like structures on the surface of some animal cells. They have 9 microtubules
round the edge and 2 in the middle which allow movement.
1,4 glycosidic bond - ANS-Glycosidic bond formed between carbon1 of first monosaccharide
and carbon 4 of the second monosaccharide
\1,6 glycosidic bond - ANS-Glycosidic bond formed between carbon1 of first monosaccharide
and carbon 6 of the second monosaccharide
\Abiotic Factor - ANS-A non living factor that influences populations.
\Accuracy - ANS-How close a measurement is to the true value. However, the true value may
not be known
\activation energy - ANS-The added energy required before a reaction can take place
\Activator - ANS-A transcription factor that increases the rate of transcription
\active site - ANS-An area within the tertiary structure of the enzyme able to bind to the
substrate
\Adenosine triphosphate ATP - ANS-A molecule consisting of adenine, ribose and three
phosphate groups. It transfers energy within cells when it is hydrolysed into ADP and Pi.
\adhesion - ANS-Water molecules are attracted to surfaces by hydrogen bonds
\Agglutination - ANS-The clumping together of pathogens using antibodies
\Agrobacterium tumefaciens - ANS-A bacterium used to introduce genes into a plant cell in
order to produce genetically modified plants.
\All tests. - ANS-Add sample to a test tube and crush with a stirring rod.
\Allele - ANS-Alternative version of the same gene.
\Allele - ANS-Alternative versions of a gene that produce distinguishable phenotypic effects.
\Allele - ANS-An alternative version of a gene.
\Allele - ANS-Different forms of the same gene.
\Allopatric speciation - ANS-Populations become geographically isolated and, as a result of
natural selection, form new species.
\alpha helix - ANS-H bonds form between amino acids in the polypeptide pulling it into a spiral
shape.
\amine group - ANS-A nitrogen atom with 2 hydrogen atoms attached
\Amino acid - ANS-Protein monomer, composed of an amine group, carboxyl group and a
variable R group attached to a central carbon atom.
\Ammonification - ANS-Decomposition of proteins in dead organic matter to release ammonia.
\Amylopectin - ANS-Long chain polymer of alpha glucose with some short side branches
\Amylose - ANS-Coiled,long chain polymer of alpha glucose
\anabolic - ANS-A reaction that builds a bigger molecule from smaller ones e.g. protein
synthesis
\Anomaly - ANS-All results show variation. This describes a result that lies beyond this variation.
\antibiotic resistance - ANS-Resistance evolving rapidly in many species of prokaryotes due to
overuse of antibiotics, especially in agriculture.
\Antibiotics - ANS-Any substance produced by a microorganism that can harm or kill another
microorganisms
\Antibody - ANS-Plasma proteins with specific antigen -binding sites,constant and hinge regions
,\Anticodon - ANS-3 bases on the tRNA molecule, that is complementary to the codon on the
mRNA.
\Antigen - ANS-A molecule that triggers the immune response
\antigen presenting cell - ANS-these are cells that recognizes antigens and brings them into the
cell by phagocytosis; the cells then breaks up the antigen and present them on the cell surface
membrane
\Apoptosis - ANS-A highly controlled process by which cells are broken down. part of
programmed cell death.
\Artificial embryo twinning - ANS-Method of cloning animals by separating the individual cells of
an early embryo to form a number of genetically identical embryos.
\Artificial selection - ANS-When humans select which individuals in a population to breed
together in order to get desirable traits.
\aseptic conditions - ANS-Working in a manner which avoids introducing foreign bacteria into a
pure culture, or contaminating either the environment or the experimenter.
\Aseptic technique - ANS-precautions taken to prevent contamination with unwanted
microorganisms
\Autoimmune disease - ANS-A disease in which the immune system attacks the organisms own
cells
\Autosomal linkage - ANS-Genes coding for different characteristics, found on the same non-sex
chromosome, are said to be linked.
\Autosome - ANS-Any chromosome that is NOT a sex chromosome.
\Azotobactor - ANS-Free living Nitrogen fixing bacteria
\Bacteriophage - ANS-A virus that infects a bacterium and can be used as a DNA vector.
\Bar chart - ANS-A graph used to display discontinuous discrete data e.g. blood group. The bars
do not touch
\Batch culture - ANS-The growth of bacteria in a closed system without inputs of nutrients.
\beta pleated sheet - ANS-Forms where polypeptide chains lie parallel to each other. Held
together by H bonds
\Binomial nomenclature - ANS-A system for giving each organism a two-word scientific name
that consists of the genus name (initial letter written with a capital letter) followed by the species
name (Lower case). Written in italics/underlined.
\Biodiversity - ANS-The number of different ecosystems and habitats in an area, the number of
species within those ecosystems and the genetic variation within each species.
\Bioinformatics - ANS-The use of computers, software, and mathematical models to process
and integrate biological information from large data sets.
\biological catalyst - ANS-Increases the rate of a chemical reaction.
Works under normal biological conditions of temperature and pressure.
Not used up in the reaction
\Biomass - ANS-Mass of living material per unit area.
\bioremediation - ANS-the use of organisms to remove toxic materials from the environment
\biotechnology - ANS-The manipulation of living organisms or their components to produce
useful products.
\Biotic factor - ANS-A living factor that influences populations in an ecosystem
, \Biuret test for proteins - ANS-Add NaOH to a protein sample, add weak CuSO4 and a purple
solution forms
\Bivalent - ANS-Formed when a pair of homologous chromosomes pair up during prophase I of
meiosis.
\Blood clotting - ANS-platelets,cells and fibres form a mesh at a cut preventing blood loss and
entry of pathogens. Scab forms
\Callose - ANS-A polysaccharide made by plant cells in defence against attack by pests and
pathogens
\callus - ANS-A mass of dividing, undifferentiated cells at the cut end of a shoot.
\Cambium - ANS-The meristematic cells that divide to produce new xylem and phloem when a
plant increases in girth.
\Carbohydrate - ANS-an organic molecule containing C,H and O, with twice as much H as O
\carboxyl group - ANS-An organic acid goup
\Carrier - ANS-Individual who has an allele, often for a disease, which is not expressed in the
phenotype i.e. they are heterozygous.
\carrier protein - ANS-Transmembrane proteins that transport water soluble and large molecules
by binding to the molecule, changing shape and releasing the molecule on the other side of the
membrane
\Carrying capacity - ANS-The maximum population size of a species that a particular habitat can
support over time.
\catabolic - ANS-A reaction that breaks down a big molecule into smaller ones
\CBD - ANS-Convention of Biological Diversity (1992/3)
\Cell wall - ANS-Made of a mesh of cellulose. Strengthens plant cells.
\Cellulose - ANS-Long chain polymer of Beta glucose where alternate Beta glucose molecules
are inverted
\Centrioles - ANS-Microtubules involved in the separation of chromosomes.
\Centrioles - ANS-Pair of cylindrical structures, consisting of microtubules which organise the
spindle fibres.
\Centromere - ANS-Structure responsible holding sister chromatids together and attaching
chromosomes to spindle fibres.
\Chain termination method - ANS-Method of DNA sequencing that uses dideoxynucleotides.
\Channel protein - ANS-Transmembrane proteins that transport soluble ions down a
concentration gradient through a tunnel through the protein
\Checkpoint - ANS-How cell division is regulated. If stages are not completed successfully then
cell division should stop and the cell return to the resting stage.
\Chiasmata - ANS-The place where crossing over can be seen to have occurred.
\Chloroplast. - ANS-A membrane bound organelle containing thylakoid membranes. The site of
photosynthesis.
\Chlorosis - ANS-When plants don't produce enough chlorophyll and turn yellow eg due to lack
of magnesium in the soil.
\Cholesterol - ANS-One of the steroids group of lipids. It possess hydrophilic and hydrophobic
regions. Cholesterol is an important component in cell membrane structure
\Cilia - ANS-Hair like structures on the surface of some animal cells. They have 9 microtubules
round the edge and 2 in the middle which allow movement.
