Psychology Exam test queries and
answers well graded A+
Behaviorism - ANS✅✅insist that psychologists should study behaviors and not internal states such
as intentions or expectations. Previous events led to the internal states, and therefore those events
are the real causes of behavior.
learning - ANS✅✅a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience
behaviorists' interest in learning - ANS✅✅goal is to explain behavior without relying on terms such
as idea or understanding. Much of invertebrate behavior can be described in simple terms, but the
greater challenge was to explain learning.
classical conditioning - ANS✅✅Pavlov's studies- the process by which an association forms
between a neutral stimulus (the conditioned stimulus) and one that initially evokes a reflexive
response (the unconditioned stimulus). The result is a new response (the conditioned response) to
the conditioned stimulus.(an association between two events or stimuli such that one predicts the
occurrence of the other)
extinction - ANS✅✅A conditioned response can be extinguished by repeatedly presenting the
conditioned stimulus by itself- can be used to rest phobias
spontaneous recovery - ANS✅✅If the conditioned stimulus is not presented at all for some time
after extinction and is then presented again, the conditioned response may return (example: drug
addicts)
stimulus generalization - ANS✅✅A conditioned response to a stimulus will extend to other stimuli
to the extent that they resemble the trained stimulus (Example: little boy conditioned to fear white
rat then responded to other white furry things)
discrimination - ANS✅✅Animals (including people) learn to respond differently to stimuli that
predict different outcomes.
operant conditioning - ANS✅✅A change in behavior due to the consequences operating on that
behavior- E.L. Thorndike (process of controlling the rate of a behavior through its consequences)
, E.L. Thorndike's Law of Effect - ANS✅✅responses leading to reward strengthened/ increase in
frequency; others with no effect decrease in frequency- learning curve, responses that lead to
reward
Drug Tolerance - ANS✅✅results in part from classical conditioning. The drug administration
procedure comes to evoke defensive responses.
shaping (acquisition) - ANS✅✅Rewarding successive approximations to a goal (Example: telling
dog to turn on the lamp as it gets on the couch)(a technique for training subjects to perform acts by
reinforcing them for successive approximations to the desired behavior)
chaining - ANS✅✅Linking a sequence of shaped behaviors
Skinner boxes - ANS✅✅type of apparatus is used to study drug addiction- animals will press a
lighted bar or button to get themselves injected with cocaine or heroine
reinforcement - ANS✅✅the process of increasing the future probability of the preceding response.
nature of reinforcement - ANS✅✅If someone has been deprived of the opportunity to engage in a
behavior, then the opportunity to return to that behavior is reinforcing. Also, something that an
individual can exchange for a reinforcer becomes a reinforcer itself.
extinction - ANS✅✅a response is extinguished if it is no longer followed by reinforcement.
reinforcement and punishment - ANS✅✅Behaviors are reinforced by presenting favorable events
or omitting unfavorable events. Behaviors are punished by presenting unfavorable events or
omitting favorable events.
schedules of reinforcement - ANS✅✅The frequency and timing of a response depend on the
schedule of reinforcement. In a ratio schedule of reinforcement, an individual is given reinforcement
after a fixed or variable number of responses. In an interval schedule of reinforcement, an individual
is given reinforcement after a fixed or variable period of time.
applications - ANS✅✅People have applied operant conditioning to fields such as persuasion and
applied behavior analysis.
answers well graded A+
Behaviorism - ANS✅✅insist that psychologists should study behaviors and not internal states such
as intentions or expectations. Previous events led to the internal states, and therefore those events
are the real causes of behavior.
learning - ANS✅✅a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience
behaviorists' interest in learning - ANS✅✅goal is to explain behavior without relying on terms such
as idea or understanding. Much of invertebrate behavior can be described in simple terms, but the
greater challenge was to explain learning.
classical conditioning - ANS✅✅Pavlov's studies- the process by which an association forms
between a neutral stimulus (the conditioned stimulus) and one that initially evokes a reflexive
response (the unconditioned stimulus). The result is a new response (the conditioned response) to
the conditioned stimulus.(an association between two events or stimuli such that one predicts the
occurrence of the other)
extinction - ANS✅✅A conditioned response can be extinguished by repeatedly presenting the
conditioned stimulus by itself- can be used to rest phobias
spontaneous recovery - ANS✅✅If the conditioned stimulus is not presented at all for some time
after extinction and is then presented again, the conditioned response may return (example: drug
addicts)
stimulus generalization - ANS✅✅A conditioned response to a stimulus will extend to other stimuli
to the extent that they resemble the trained stimulus (Example: little boy conditioned to fear white
rat then responded to other white furry things)
discrimination - ANS✅✅Animals (including people) learn to respond differently to stimuli that
predict different outcomes.
operant conditioning - ANS✅✅A change in behavior due to the consequences operating on that
behavior- E.L. Thorndike (process of controlling the rate of a behavior through its consequences)
, E.L. Thorndike's Law of Effect - ANS✅✅responses leading to reward strengthened/ increase in
frequency; others with no effect decrease in frequency- learning curve, responses that lead to
reward
Drug Tolerance - ANS✅✅results in part from classical conditioning. The drug administration
procedure comes to evoke defensive responses.
shaping (acquisition) - ANS✅✅Rewarding successive approximations to a goal (Example: telling
dog to turn on the lamp as it gets on the couch)(a technique for training subjects to perform acts by
reinforcing them for successive approximations to the desired behavior)
chaining - ANS✅✅Linking a sequence of shaped behaviors
Skinner boxes - ANS✅✅type of apparatus is used to study drug addiction- animals will press a
lighted bar or button to get themselves injected with cocaine or heroine
reinforcement - ANS✅✅the process of increasing the future probability of the preceding response.
nature of reinforcement - ANS✅✅If someone has been deprived of the opportunity to engage in a
behavior, then the opportunity to return to that behavior is reinforcing. Also, something that an
individual can exchange for a reinforcer becomes a reinforcer itself.
extinction - ANS✅✅a response is extinguished if it is no longer followed by reinforcement.
reinforcement and punishment - ANS✅✅Behaviors are reinforced by presenting favorable events
or omitting unfavorable events. Behaviors are punished by presenting unfavorable events or
omitting favorable events.
schedules of reinforcement - ANS✅✅The frequency and timing of a response depend on the
schedule of reinforcement. In a ratio schedule of reinforcement, an individual is given reinforcement
after a fixed or variable number of responses. In an interval schedule of reinforcement, an individual
is given reinforcement after a fixed or variable period of time.
applications - ANS✅✅People have applied operant conditioning to fields such as persuasion and
applied behavior analysis.
