Criminalistics: An Introduction to
ST
Forensic Science – 11th Edition
UV
TEST BANK
IA
_A
Richard Saferstein
PP
Complete Test Bank for Instructors and
RO
Students
VE
© Richard Saferstein
All rights reserved. Reproduction or distribution without permission is prohibited.
D?
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©MEDGEEK
, Chapter 1
Introduction
ST
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
UV
• Forensic science is the application of science to criminal and civil laws that are
enforced by police agencies in a criminal justice system.
• The development of crime laboratories in the United States has been characterized
by rapid growth accompanied by a lack of national and regional planning and
IA
coordination.
• The technical support provided by crime laboratories can be assigned to five basic
services: the physical science unit, the biology unit, the firearms unit, the
_A
document unit, and the photography unit.
• Some crime laboratories may offer optional services such as toxicology,
fingerprint analysis, voiceprint analysis, crime scene investigation, and polygraph
administration.
PP
• A forensic scientist must be skilled in applying the principles and techniques of
the physical and natural sciences to the analysis of evidence that may be
recovered during a criminal investigation.
RO
• An expert witness evaluates evidence based on specialized training and
experience.
• Forensic scientists train law enforcement personnel in the proper recognition,
collection, and preservation of physical evidence.
VE
• The Frye v. United States decision set guidelines for determining the admissibility
of scientific evidence into the courtroom. To meet the Frye standard, the evidence
in question must be “generally accepted” by the scientific community.
• In the case of Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., the U.S. Supreme
D?
Court ruled that trial judges were responsible for the admissibility and validity of
scientific evidence presented in their courts.
• Special forensic science services available to the law enforcement community
include forensic psychiatry, forensic odontology, and forensic engineering.
??
12
,ST
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Define and distinguish forensic science and criminalistics
UV
2. Recognize the major contributors to the development of forensic science
3. Account for the rapid growth of forensic laboratories in the past forty years
4. Describe the services of a typical comprehensive crime laboratory in the criminal
IA
justice system
5. Compare and contrast the Frye and Daubert decisions relating to the admissibility
of scientific evidence in the courtroom
_A
6. Explain the role and responsibilities of the expert witness
7. Understand what specialized forensic services, aside from the crime laboratory,
are generally available to law enforcement personnel
PP
LECTURE OUTLINE
DEFINITION AND SCOPE OF FORENSIC SCIENCE
RO
HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF FORENSIC SCIENCE
Literary Roots
Important Contributors to Forensic Science
VE
CRIME LABORATORIES
Crime Labs in the United States
International Crime Labs
D?
Teaching Note: Be sure to cover the differences between a state and local
forensic laboratory. Students should understand what the local analysts normally
do compared to what the state analysts can do.
ORGANIZATION OF A CRIME LABORATORY
??
The Growth of Crime Laboratories
Types of Crime Laboratories
13
, Future Challenges
Teaching Note: Discuss how the crime laboratory is organized and what
ST
departments or sections are usually in the lab, including serology, trace evidence,
fingerprint examiner, and so forth.
SERVICES OF THE CRIME LABORATORY
UV
Basic Services Provided by Full-Service Crime Laboratories
Optional Services Provided by Full-Service Crime Laboratories
FUNCTIONS OF THE FORENSIC SCIENTIST
IA
Analysis of Physical Evidence
Providing Expert Testimony
Furnishing Training in the Proper Recognition, Collection, and Preservation
of Physical Evidence
_A
OTHER FORENSIC SCIENCE SERVICES
Forensic Psychiatry
Forensic Odontology
Forensic Engineering
PP
Forensic Computer and Digital Analysis
Exploring Forensic Science on the Internet
General Forensics Sites
RO
LIST OF CHANGES/TRANSITION GUIDE
No major changes have been made between the 10th and the 11th editions for Chapter 1.
VE
ADDITIONAL ASSIGNMENTS AND CLASS ACTIVITIES
Demonstrations and Lecture-Starters
D?
Deductive Reasoning Exercise: The Deadly Picnic.
This exercise challenges students to critically analyze evidence and emphasizes the
importance of thorough observation and note taking at the crime scene.
The Facts of the Case
??
Centerville police discovered the body of a 36-year-old white male (later identified as
Gaven Brooks) in a field about twenty miles north of town. Mr. Brooks’s body was
14
ST
Forensic Science – 11th Edition
UV
TEST BANK
IA
_A
Richard Saferstein
PP
Complete Test Bank for Instructors and
RO
Students
VE
© Richard Saferstein
All rights reserved. Reproduction or distribution without permission is prohibited.
D?
??
©MEDGEEK
, Chapter 1
Introduction
ST
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
UV
• Forensic science is the application of science to criminal and civil laws that are
enforced by police agencies in a criminal justice system.
• The development of crime laboratories in the United States has been characterized
by rapid growth accompanied by a lack of national and regional planning and
IA
coordination.
• The technical support provided by crime laboratories can be assigned to five basic
services: the physical science unit, the biology unit, the firearms unit, the
_A
document unit, and the photography unit.
• Some crime laboratories may offer optional services such as toxicology,
fingerprint analysis, voiceprint analysis, crime scene investigation, and polygraph
administration.
PP
• A forensic scientist must be skilled in applying the principles and techniques of
the physical and natural sciences to the analysis of evidence that may be
recovered during a criminal investigation.
RO
• An expert witness evaluates evidence based on specialized training and
experience.
• Forensic scientists train law enforcement personnel in the proper recognition,
collection, and preservation of physical evidence.
VE
• The Frye v. United States decision set guidelines for determining the admissibility
of scientific evidence into the courtroom. To meet the Frye standard, the evidence
in question must be “generally accepted” by the scientific community.
• In the case of Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., the U.S. Supreme
D?
Court ruled that trial judges were responsible for the admissibility and validity of
scientific evidence presented in their courts.
• Special forensic science services available to the law enforcement community
include forensic psychiatry, forensic odontology, and forensic engineering.
??
12
,ST
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Define and distinguish forensic science and criminalistics
UV
2. Recognize the major contributors to the development of forensic science
3. Account for the rapid growth of forensic laboratories in the past forty years
4. Describe the services of a typical comprehensive crime laboratory in the criminal
IA
justice system
5. Compare and contrast the Frye and Daubert decisions relating to the admissibility
of scientific evidence in the courtroom
_A
6. Explain the role and responsibilities of the expert witness
7. Understand what specialized forensic services, aside from the crime laboratory,
are generally available to law enforcement personnel
PP
LECTURE OUTLINE
DEFINITION AND SCOPE OF FORENSIC SCIENCE
RO
HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF FORENSIC SCIENCE
Literary Roots
Important Contributors to Forensic Science
VE
CRIME LABORATORIES
Crime Labs in the United States
International Crime Labs
D?
Teaching Note: Be sure to cover the differences between a state and local
forensic laboratory. Students should understand what the local analysts normally
do compared to what the state analysts can do.
ORGANIZATION OF A CRIME LABORATORY
??
The Growth of Crime Laboratories
Types of Crime Laboratories
13
, Future Challenges
Teaching Note: Discuss how the crime laboratory is organized and what
ST
departments or sections are usually in the lab, including serology, trace evidence,
fingerprint examiner, and so forth.
SERVICES OF THE CRIME LABORATORY
UV
Basic Services Provided by Full-Service Crime Laboratories
Optional Services Provided by Full-Service Crime Laboratories
FUNCTIONS OF THE FORENSIC SCIENTIST
IA
Analysis of Physical Evidence
Providing Expert Testimony
Furnishing Training in the Proper Recognition, Collection, and Preservation
of Physical Evidence
_A
OTHER FORENSIC SCIENCE SERVICES
Forensic Psychiatry
Forensic Odontology
Forensic Engineering
PP
Forensic Computer and Digital Analysis
Exploring Forensic Science on the Internet
General Forensics Sites
RO
LIST OF CHANGES/TRANSITION GUIDE
No major changes have been made between the 10th and the 11th editions for Chapter 1.
VE
ADDITIONAL ASSIGNMENTS AND CLASS ACTIVITIES
Demonstrations and Lecture-Starters
D?
Deductive Reasoning Exercise: The Deadly Picnic.
This exercise challenges students to critically analyze evidence and emphasizes the
importance of thorough observation and note taking at the crime scene.
The Facts of the Case
??
Centerville police discovered the body of a 36-year-old white male (later identified as
Gaven Brooks) in a field about twenty miles north of town. Mr. Brooks’s body was
14
