NUR 2063 – Essentials of Pathophysiology
Final Exam | 2025/2026 Verified Real Questions
and Answers
Cellular Injury
1. Question: What is the primary mechanism of reversible cellular injury?
○ Answer: Cellular swelling due to the failure of sodium-potassium pumps.
○ Rationale: The loss of ATP production affects ion transport, leading to
cellular swelling.
2. Question: What is apoptosis?
○ Answer: Programmed cell death that occurs in a regulated manner without
eliciting inflammation.
○ Rationale: Apoptosis removes damaged or unwanted cells while
minimizing damage to surrounding tissues.
3. Question: Which of the following is a hallmark of necrosis?
○ Answer: Inflammation and cell lysis.
○ Rationale: Necrosis is associated with cell death that triggers an
inflammatory response, unlike apoptosis.
4. Question: Which type of cellular injury is typically associated with hypoxic
conditions?
○ Answer: Ischemia-reperfusion injury.
○ Rationale: Restoration of blood flow can cause further damage due to
oxidative stress and inflammatory responses.
5. Question: What is the primary consequence of mitochondrial dysfunction?
○ Answer: Decreased ATP production.
, ○ Rationale: Mitochondria are responsible for ATP synthesis; dysfunction
can lead to energy deficits in the cell.
6. Question: What is the difference between physiological and pathological
hypertrophy?
○ Answer: Physiological hypertrophy is a normal adaptive response;
pathological hypertrophy occurs due to disease.
○ Rationale: Physiological hypertrophy, such as in athletes, is beneficial,
while pathological hypertrophy, often in heart disease, can lead to
dysfunction.
Inflammation
7. Question: What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?
○ Answer: Redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function.
○ Rationale: These signs reflect increased blood flow, immune activity, and
tissue response to injury.
8. Question: What role do cytokines play in inflammation?
○ Answer: They act as signaling molecules that mediate and regulate
immune responses.
○ Rationale: Cytokines such as interleukins and TNF-alpha facilitate
communication between cells to coordinate inflammation.
9. Question: Which cells are primarily involved in the acute inflammatory response?
○ Answer: Neutrophils and macrophages.
○ Rationale: Neutrophils arrive first at injury sites, followed by macrophages,
which clean debris and orchestrate further response.
10.Question: What is chronic inflammation characterized by?
Final Exam | 2025/2026 Verified Real Questions
and Answers
Cellular Injury
1. Question: What is the primary mechanism of reversible cellular injury?
○ Answer: Cellular swelling due to the failure of sodium-potassium pumps.
○ Rationale: The loss of ATP production affects ion transport, leading to
cellular swelling.
2. Question: What is apoptosis?
○ Answer: Programmed cell death that occurs in a regulated manner without
eliciting inflammation.
○ Rationale: Apoptosis removes damaged or unwanted cells while
minimizing damage to surrounding tissues.
3. Question: Which of the following is a hallmark of necrosis?
○ Answer: Inflammation and cell lysis.
○ Rationale: Necrosis is associated with cell death that triggers an
inflammatory response, unlike apoptosis.
4. Question: Which type of cellular injury is typically associated with hypoxic
conditions?
○ Answer: Ischemia-reperfusion injury.
○ Rationale: Restoration of blood flow can cause further damage due to
oxidative stress and inflammatory responses.
5. Question: What is the primary consequence of mitochondrial dysfunction?
○ Answer: Decreased ATP production.
, ○ Rationale: Mitochondria are responsible for ATP synthesis; dysfunction
can lead to energy deficits in the cell.
6. Question: What is the difference between physiological and pathological
hypertrophy?
○ Answer: Physiological hypertrophy is a normal adaptive response;
pathological hypertrophy occurs due to disease.
○ Rationale: Physiological hypertrophy, such as in athletes, is beneficial,
while pathological hypertrophy, often in heart disease, can lead to
dysfunction.
Inflammation
7. Question: What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?
○ Answer: Redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function.
○ Rationale: These signs reflect increased blood flow, immune activity, and
tissue response to injury.
8. Question: What role do cytokines play in inflammation?
○ Answer: They act as signaling molecules that mediate and regulate
immune responses.
○ Rationale: Cytokines such as interleukins and TNF-alpha facilitate
communication between cells to coordinate inflammation.
9. Question: Which cells are primarily involved in the acute inflammatory response?
○ Answer: Neutrophils and macrophages.
○ Rationale: Neutrophils arrive first at injury sites, followed by macrophages,
which clean debris and orchestrate further response.
10.Question: What is chronic inflammation characterized by?
