Foundations of Earth Science 8th
Edition
ST
SOLUTIONS
UV
MANUAL
IA
_A
Frederick Lutgens
PP
Edward Tarbuck
Dennis Tasa
RO
VE
Comprehensive Solutions Manual for
Instructors and Students
D?
© Frederick Lutgens, Edward Tarbuck & Dennis Tasa. All rights reserved. Reproduction or
distribution without permission is prohibited.
©MedConnoisseur
, Solutions Manual for
Foundations of Earth
ST
Science, 8e Frederick
UV
Lutgens, Edward
Tarbuck, Dennis Tasa
IA
(All Chapters)
_A
PP
RO
VE
D?
Downloaded by: tutorsection | Want to earn $1.236
Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?
, 1. MATTER AND MINERALS
INTRODUCTION
Matter and Minerals presents the fundamental characteristics of earth materials. The chapter
begins with minerals and how they are defined, then delves deeper to review the building blocks of
minerals: atoms and atomic particles. From there, the main types of ionic bonding are presented.
The final section in the chapter steps back to look at mineral properties, how minerals are
ST
identified, and the main mineral groups.
CHAPTER OUTLINE
UV
1.1 MINERALS: BUILDING BLOCKS OF ROCKS
a. Defining a Mineral
i. Naturally occurring
ii. Generally inorganic
iii. Solid substance
iv. Orderly crystalline structure
IA
v. Definite chemical composition
b. What Is a Rock?
i. Solid mass of mineral
_A
ii. Solid mass of mineral-like matter
1.2 ATOMS: BUILDING BLOCKS OF MINERALS
a. Properties of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons
i. Protons and neutrons are very dense particles with almost identical masses
PP
ii. Electrons have a negligible mass, about 1/2000 that of a proton
iii. Protons have an electrical charge of +1, and electrons have an electrical charge
of −1
iv. Atomic structure: nucleus , principle shells, and valence shells
b. Elements: Defined by Their Number of Protons
RO
i. Atomic number: the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
ii. Periodic table: organization of elements
iii. Chemical compound: the chemical combination of two or more elements
1.3 WHY ATOMS BOND
VE
a. The Octet Rule and Chemical Bonds
i. Valence electrons are generally involved in chemical bonding
ii. Octet rule: Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons until surrounded by eight
valence electrons
iii. A chemical bond is a transfer or sharing of electrons that allows each atom a full
D?
valence shell of electrons
1
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, iv. There are three types of chemical bonds: ionic, covalent, and metallic
v. The properties of a chemical compound are dramatically different from the
properties of the various elements constituting it
b. Ionic Bonds: Electrons Transferred
i. One atom gives up one or more valence electron to another atom to form ions
ii. Ions: positively and negatively charged atoms
c. Covalent Bonds: Electron Sharing
i. Covalent bonds form by the sharing of one or more valence electrons between a
pair of atoms
ST
ii. Attraction of oppositely charged ions
d. Metallic Bonds: Electrons Free to Move
i. The valence electrons are free to move from one atom to another so that all
atoms share the available valence electrons
UV
ii. Metallic bonds produce the high electrical conductivity found in metals
1.4 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
a. Optical Properties
i. Luster: the appearance or quality of light reflected from the surface of a
IA
mineralColor
ii. Streak: the color of a mineral in powdered form
b. Ability to transmit light: opaque or transparentCrystal Shape or Habit: the common or
characteristic shape of individual crystals or aggregates of crystals
_A
i. Equant (equidimensional)
ii. Bladed
iii. Fibrous
iv. Tabular
v. Prismatic
PP
vi. Platy
vii. Blocky
viii. Cubic
ix. Banded
RO
c. Mineral Strength: how easily minerals break or deform under stress
i. Hardness: resistance to scratching (Mohs scale)
ii. Cleavage: tendency to break along planes of weak bonding
iii. Fracture: chemical bonds of equal strength in all directions
d. Tenacity: toughnessDensity and Specific Gravity
e. Other Properties of Minerals
VE
i. Taste
ii. Feel
iii. Smell
iv. High iron content
D?
v. Double refraction
vi. Reaction to dilute hydrochloric acid
2
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Edition
ST
SOLUTIONS
UV
MANUAL
IA
_A
Frederick Lutgens
PP
Edward Tarbuck
Dennis Tasa
RO
VE
Comprehensive Solutions Manual for
Instructors and Students
D?
© Frederick Lutgens, Edward Tarbuck & Dennis Tasa. All rights reserved. Reproduction or
distribution without permission is prohibited.
©MedConnoisseur
, Solutions Manual for
Foundations of Earth
ST
Science, 8e Frederick
UV
Lutgens, Edward
Tarbuck, Dennis Tasa
IA
(All Chapters)
_A
PP
RO
VE
D?
Downloaded by: tutorsection | Want to earn $1.236
Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?
, 1. MATTER AND MINERALS
INTRODUCTION
Matter and Minerals presents the fundamental characteristics of earth materials. The chapter
begins with minerals and how they are defined, then delves deeper to review the building blocks of
minerals: atoms and atomic particles. From there, the main types of ionic bonding are presented.
The final section in the chapter steps back to look at mineral properties, how minerals are
ST
identified, and the main mineral groups.
CHAPTER OUTLINE
UV
1.1 MINERALS: BUILDING BLOCKS OF ROCKS
a. Defining a Mineral
i. Naturally occurring
ii. Generally inorganic
iii. Solid substance
iv. Orderly crystalline structure
IA
v. Definite chemical composition
b. What Is a Rock?
i. Solid mass of mineral
_A
ii. Solid mass of mineral-like matter
1.2 ATOMS: BUILDING BLOCKS OF MINERALS
a. Properties of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons
i. Protons and neutrons are very dense particles with almost identical masses
PP
ii. Electrons have a negligible mass, about 1/2000 that of a proton
iii. Protons have an electrical charge of +1, and electrons have an electrical charge
of −1
iv. Atomic structure: nucleus , principle shells, and valence shells
b. Elements: Defined by Their Number of Protons
RO
i. Atomic number: the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
ii. Periodic table: organization of elements
iii. Chemical compound: the chemical combination of two or more elements
1.3 WHY ATOMS BOND
VE
a. The Octet Rule and Chemical Bonds
i. Valence electrons are generally involved in chemical bonding
ii. Octet rule: Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons until surrounded by eight
valence electrons
iii. A chemical bond is a transfer or sharing of electrons that allows each atom a full
D?
valence shell of electrons
1
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?
, iv. There are three types of chemical bonds: ionic, covalent, and metallic
v. The properties of a chemical compound are dramatically different from the
properties of the various elements constituting it
b. Ionic Bonds: Electrons Transferred
i. One atom gives up one or more valence electron to another atom to form ions
ii. Ions: positively and negatively charged atoms
c. Covalent Bonds: Electron Sharing
i. Covalent bonds form by the sharing of one or more valence electrons between a
pair of atoms
ST
ii. Attraction of oppositely charged ions
d. Metallic Bonds: Electrons Free to Move
i. The valence electrons are free to move from one atom to another so that all
atoms share the available valence electrons
UV
ii. Metallic bonds produce the high electrical conductivity found in metals
1.4 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
a. Optical Properties
i. Luster: the appearance or quality of light reflected from the surface of a
IA
mineralColor
ii. Streak: the color of a mineral in powdered form
b. Ability to transmit light: opaque or transparentCrystal Shape or Habit: the common or
characteristic shape of individual crystals or aggregates of crystals
_A
i. Equant (equidimensional)
ii. Bladed
iii. Fibrous
iv. Tabular
v. Prismatic
PP
vi. Platy
vii. Blocky
viii. Cubic
ix. Banded
RO
c. Mineral Strength: how easily minerals break or deform under stress
i. Hardness: resistance to scratching (Mohs scale)
ii. Cleavage: tendency to break along planes of weak bonding
iii. Fracture: chemical bonds of equal strength in all directions
d. Tenacity: toughnessDensity and Specific Gravity
e. Other Properties of Minerals
VE
i. Taste
ii. Feel
iii. Smell
iv. High iron content
D?
v. Double refraction
vi. Reaction to dilute hydrochloric acid
2
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Downloaded by: tutorsection | Want to earn $1.236
Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?
