Basics of Programming

These Programming Fundamentals notes provide a complete, easy-to-understand introduction to the core concepts of programming for beginners. They are designed to help first-semester students, BS-CS/IT/SE learners, and anyone starting their coding journey build a strong and clear foundation. The notes explain what programming is, how computers process instructions, and why programming languages are essential. The document begins with an introduction to algorithms and flowcharts, teaching students how to think logically and solve problems step by step. It explains the entire software development process, including writing code, compiling, debugging, and testing. Clear examples and diagrams make difficult concepts simple and understandable. The notes cover all major topics such as variables, data types, constants, operators, expressions, input/output, and the structure of a basic program. Detailed explanations of conditional statements (if, else if, nested if, switch) and loops (for, while, do-while) help students understand decision-making and repetition in programming. Each topic includes practical examples and clear explanations so learners can easily follow along. Functions are explained deeply, including their definition, parameters, return types, and how they help create reusable and well-structured programs. The notes also introduce arrays, strings, and basic data handling, helping students manage and process large amounts of data efficiently. Throughout the notes, real-life examples, solved questions, and simplified explanations make learning easier. These notes are ideal for exam preparation, assignments, quizzes, and revision. They are suitable for students learning C, C++, Python, Java, or any other introductory programming language. Overall, these Programming Fundamentals notes provide everything a beginner needs to understand the essential building blocks of programming in a clear, organized, and student-friendly manner.