PKSC 1020 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
How the Clemson packaging program defines packaging science - Answer -"it is a field
that involves the use of *Materials*, *Methods*, and *Machinery* to develop and
produce that protect and preserve a product, help market the product and instruct the
consumer in its proper use"
Earliest Packaging - Answer -Consider what life was like in ancient days
packaging provided a simple function of containment
From natural sources (seashells, coconut shells, etc.)
3000 B.C. - Answer -Egyptians learned to blow and cast glass
105 A.D. - Answer -Paper invented in China
c. 1500 - Answer -cork stopper used for bottles such as wine (first evidence of
protective packaging)
1809 - Answer -Nicholas Appert - Canning Process
1810 - Answer -Peter Durand develops "tin canister"
End of Industrial Revolution and around WWII - Answer -There was a movement from
bulk packaging to retail packaging. This illustrates how social changes interact with
packaging developments
1950's to 60's - Answer -convenience and brand expansion
1970's - Answer -improvements in distribution and material handling
1980's - Answer -improvements in barrier films and microwave packaging
1990's - Answer -environmental awareness and market globalization
1868 - Answer -John Hyatt - patent for celluloid, leading to the development of
cellulose, first "plastic"
1877 - Answer -Quaker Oats first used the "Quaker Man" to represent their product
1895 - Answer -toothpaste first offered in tubes
1930 - Answer -Polyethylene discovered in England, eventually one of the most
commonly used packaging plastics
1954 - Answer -polypropylene used for packaging
,1960-1970 - Answer -laws clarified and improved
1987 - Answer -New Jersey enacts first statewide recycling law for plastic containers
1990 - Answer -Nutritional Labeling and Education Act
Importance of packaging to society - Answer -Essential for us to have and get what we
want, reduces waste
Retort - Answer -preserve cooking, pressure cooking in cans to make shelf stable
Future Trends - Answer -away from glass and metal toward plastics and composites;
away from rigid toward flexible and semi-rigid; metalized instead of foil laminates;
tamper evident; more informative; convenience; reduced packaging; incorporation of
more recycled materials; more technically complex-breathable, temp sensors, oxygen,
absorber, holographic images
Most companies are either ... - Answer -users or suppliers
Some larger companies can be... - Answer -Users and suppliers
A raw material producer may also be a ... - Answer -converter
Suppliers - Answer -converters (converts raw materials into useable suppliers)
machinery
services (contractor makes Wheaties with Tom Brady for company)
Users - Answer -consumer, industrial, institutional
Containment - Answer -one of earliest/ easiest protective packaging
Shelf Stable - Answer -Can be stored at room temperature without refrigeration
Convenience - Answer -Driving force
Functions of Packaging - Answer -Contain, protect/preserve, inform/sell, provide
convenience or utility of use
Primary - Answer -Package directly in contact with the product. Example, cereal bag in
box.
Secondary - Answer -Packaging holding one or more primary packages. Example, box
holding bagged cereal.
, Tertiary - Answer -Shipping or distribution package. Example, the corrugated box used
to ship a number of boxes.
Quaternary - Answer -Unit load. Example, stretch-wrapped pallet load of corrugated
shipping containers
What to consider when selecting a package - Answer -product's physical form (viscous,
free-flowing liquid, solid)
Product's nature (perishable, shape, under pressure)
Protection (protection from elements, shock and vibration, protect consumer from the
contents, protect against tampering)
Information required by law - Answer -Contents
Nutritional label
Warnings
Shipping information
Motivational information not required by law - Answer -type of material
shape and size
color
typography
symbols or icons
illustrations or pholographic images
games
recipes
Trade dress - Answer -Includes shape, color, and print. Covered under trademark law
Utility of Use for the consumer - Answer -easy opening/resealing, squeezable,
microwavable, unit dose
utility of use for the retailer - Answer -size, orientation for shelf display, point of
purchase displays
utility of use for the shipper/distributor - Answer -hand holds, fork truck cut outs,
reusable totes
Categories of Materials - Answer -Paper and paperboard, metals, glass, and plastics
Applications for Wood in Packaging - Answer -barrels, crates, nailed or wirebound
boxes, pallets and skids
Wood Contains - Answer -50% cellulose
30% lignin
20% carbohydrate
How the Clemson packaging program defines packaging science - Answer -"it is a field
that involves the use of *Materials*, *Methods*, and *Machinery* to develop and
produce that protect and preserve a product, help market the product and instruct the
consumer in its proper use"
Earliest Packaging - Answer -Consider what life was like in ancient days
packaging provided a simple function of containment
From natural sources (seashells, coconut shells, etc.)
3000 B.C. - Answer -Egyptians learned to blow and cast glass
105 A.D. - Answer -Paper invented in China
c. 1500 - Answer -cork stopper used for bottles such as wine (first evidence of
protective packaging)
1809 - Answer -Nicholas Appert - Canning Process
1810 - Answer -Peter Durand develops "tin canister"
End of Industrial Revolution and around WWII - Answer -There was a movement from
bulk packaging to retail packaging. This illustrates how social changes interact with
packaging developments
1950's to 60's - Answer -convenience and brand expansion
1970's - Answer -improvements in distribution and material handling
1980's - Answer -improvements in barrier films and microwave packaging
1990's - Answer -environmental awareness and market globalization
1868 - Answer -John Hyatt - patent for celluloid, leading to the development of
cellulose, first "plastic"
1877 - Answer -Quaker Oats first used the "Quaker Man" to represent their product
1895 - Answer -toothpaste first offered in tubes
1930 - Answer -Polyethylene discovered in England, eventually one of the most
commonly used packaging plastics
1954 - Answer -polypropylene used for packaging
,1960-1970 - Answer -laws clarified and improved
1987 - Answer -New Jersey enacts first statewide recycling law for plastic containers
1990 - Answer -Nutritional Labeling and Education Act
Importance of packaging to society - Answer -Essential for us to have and get what we
want, reduces waste
Retort - Answer -preserve cooking, pressure cooking in cans to make shelf stable
Future Trends - Answer -away from glass and metal toward plastics and composites;
away from rigid toward flexible and semi-rigid; metalized instead of foil laminates;
tamper evident; more informative; convenience; reduced packaging; incorporation of
more recycled materials; more technically complex-breathable, temp sensors, oxygen,
absorber, holographic images
Most companies are either ... - Answer -users or suppliers
Some larger companies can be... - Answer -Users and suppliers
A raw material producer may also be a ... - Answer -converter
Suppliers - Answer -converters (converts raw materials into useable suppliers)
machinery
services (contractor makes Wheaties with Tom Brady for company)
Users - Answer -consumer, industrial, institutional
Containment - Answer -one of earliest/ easiest protective packaging
Shelf Stable - Answer -Can be stored at room temperature without refrigeration
Convenience - Answer -Driving force
Functions of Packaging - Answer -Contain, protect/preserve, inform/sell, provide
convenience or utility of use
Primary - Answer -Package directly in contact with the product. Example, cereal bag in
box.
Secondary - Answer -Packaging holding one or more primary packages. Example, box
holding bagged cereal.
, Tertiary - Answer -Shipping or distribution package. Example, the corrugated box used
to ship a number of boxes.
Quaternary - Answer -Unit load. Example, stretch-wrapped pallet load of corrugated
shipping containers
What to consider when selecting a package - Answer -product's physical form (viscous,
free-flowing liquid, solid)
Product's nature (perishable, shape, under pressure)
Protection (protection from elements, shock and vibration, protect consumer from the
contents, protect against tampering)
Information required by law - Answer -Contents
Nutritional label
Warnings
Shipping information
Motivational information not required by law - Answer -type of material
shape and size
color
typography
symbols or icons
illustrations or pholographic images
games
recipes
Trade dress - Answer -Includes shape, color, and print. Covered under trademark law
Utility of Use for the consumer - Answer -easy opening/resealing, squeezable,
microwavable, unit dose
utility of use for the retailer - Answer -size, orientation for shelf display, point of
purchase displays
utility of use for the shipper/distributor - Answer -hand holds, fork truck cut outs,
reusable totes
Categories of Materials - Answer -Paper and paperboard, metals, glass, and plastics
Applications for Wood in Packaging - Answer -barrels, crates, nailed or wirebound
boxes, pallets and skids
Wood Contains - Answer -50% cellulose
30% lignin
20% carbohydrate
