Genetics Exam test questions and
answers graded A+
genetics - ANS✅✅branch of biology concerned with the study of heredity and variation
alelle - ANS✅✅alternate forms of a gene
mutation - ANS✅✅any heritable change in the DNA sequence; source of all genetic variation
genotype - ANS✅✅set of alleles for a given trait carried by an organism
phenotype - ANS✅✅observable features of an organism
transgenic organism - ANS✅✅transfer of heritable traits across species using recombinant DNA
technology
genomics - ANS✅✅study of structure, function, and evolution of genes and genomes
proteomics - ANS✅✅identifies sets of proteins present in a cell under certain conditions, studies
their functions and interactions
bioinformatics - ANS✅✅hardware and software for nucleotide and protein data processing
classical genetics - ANS✅✅how traits are inherited from parent to offspring
Irish potato famine - ANS✅✅their nutrition was potato dependent, irish potatoes lacked genetic
variation and were basically cloned (propagated vegetatively); all potatoes were susceptible to a
specific disease that struck in the mid 1840s, caused the death of 1/8 people in Ireland in three years
GENETIC VARIATION IS IMPORTANT MOTHERF*CKERS
inbreeding - ANS✅✅continuous propagation of recessive traits; this is the cause of many diseases
in domesticated pets
,genetic diseases - ANS✅✅specific alleles that change how susceptible to a disease a person is, or
how quickly an individual can respond to a disease
domestication and cultivation of plants by artificial selection - ANS✅✅manipulations of genetic
composition of species; selected and bred for specific traits in plant and animal species we
domesticated
this changed the genetic composition of a lot of things we use and grow as humans
mendels work - ANS✅✅not appreciated until a few decades after his work was published when
people began to understand the segregation of chromosomes
fast period of discovery (1 century) - ANS✅✅went from noticing trains in populations to
understanding that it was related to DNA
(then even faster: from knowing that DNA is a molecule that carries genetic information to being
able to manipulate it)
modern technology and genetics - ANS✅✅small population, all closely related to each other
since medicine is socialized--> government has medical information on the population, sold it to a
private company that used the info to observe the relationship between alleles, genes, and patterns
of inheritance across populations
controversial--> lots of good advances, but is it an invasion of privacy?
(also made hook up app to keep people from sleeping with people too closely related to them)
mendel's contributions - ANS✅✅(1866) his general model for the inheritance of traits, each trait is
controlled by a pair of genes that are separated during gamete formation
sutton and boveri - ANS✅✅chromosomal theory of inheritance
heredity and development are dependent on gametic information residing in genes contained in
chromosomes (which are then contributed to each individual by gametes); chromosomes in diploid
pairs exist in pairs (homologous chromosomes)
noted different chromosome behavior in mitosis (chromosomes are copied and distributed so that
each daughter cell has the same number of chromosomes as the mother cell) and meiosis (gamete
formation)
genes carried on chromosomes (inherited traits are controlled by genes residing on chromosomes
transmitted through gametes)
, Central dogma - ANS✅✅(1940s) DNA is heritable material that carries genetic info from one
generation to another; DNA is transcribed into RNA and translated into protein
everything that is inherited is inherited through chromosomes, it will always be related to how
chromosomes are segregated during meiosis
how genes cause phenotypes - ANS✅✅DNA mutations are associated with different forms of
proteins that have different functions
sickle cell anemia - ANS✅✅change in on nucleotide changes on amino acid, changes a protein's
function, example of how genotype effects phenotype by altering protein through a tint genetic
change
biotechnology - ANS✅✅DNA manipulation to make products; thanks to advances in genetics
production of genetically modified crops - ANS✅✅produces crops with more desireable
characteristics (90% of corn is genetically engineers in the US); this started with basic genetic studies
and proceeded with molecular genetic studies
can produce: herbicide, insect, and virus resistance (papaya) ; nutritional enhancement (golden rice);
altered oil contents (healthier oils and fats); delayed ripening (for transportation, tomatoes)
production of transgenic animals - ANS✅✅mostly for pharmaceutical products
used for gene therapy or prenatal diagnoses (prediction of the probability that an individual can get
a disease, or how you can treat a specific genetic disorder); genome editing (bacteria that will make
proteins bind to a specific DNA sequence then cut DNA at that region; creates muscly pugs, mini pifs,
modification of human embryonic cells (not good results); now possible thanks to extensive research
on model organisms
model organisms - ANS✅✅organisms used for the study of basic biological processes
they are easy to grow, have short life cycles, produce many offspring, and lend themselves to
straightforward genetic analysis
mitosis - ANS✅✅production of two daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the
parent cell
answers graded A+
genetics - ANS✅✅branch of biology concerned with the study of heredity and variation
alelle - ANS✅✅alternate forms of a gene
mutation - ANS✅✅any heritable change in the DNA sequence; source of all genetic variation
genotype - ANS✅✅set of alleles for a given trait carried by an organism
phenotype - ANS✅✅observable features of an organism
transgenic organism - ANS✅✅transfer of heritable traits across species using recombinant DNA
technology
genomics - ANS✅✅study of structure, function, and evolution of genes and genomes
proteomics - ANS✅✅identifies sets of proteins present in a cell under certain conditions, studies
their functions and interactions
bioinformatics - ANS✅✅hardware and software for nucleotide and protein data processing
classical genetics - ANS✅✅how traits are inherited from parent to offspring
Irish potato famine - ANS✅✅their nutrition was potato dependent, irish potatoes lacked genetic
variation and were basically cloned (propagated vegetatively); all potatoes were susceptible to a
specific disease that struck in the mid 1840s, caused the death of 1/8 people in Ireland in three years
GENETIC VARIATION IS IMPORTANT MOTHERF*CKERS
inbreeding - ANS✅✅continuous propagation of recessive traits; this is the cause of many diseases
in domesticated pets
,genetic diseases - ANS✅✅specific alleles that change how susceptible to a disease a person is, or
how quickly an individual can respond to a disease
domestication and cultivation of plants by artificial selection - ANS✅✅manipulations of genetic
composition of species; selected and bred for specific traits in plant and animal species we
domesticated
this changed the genetic composition of a lot of things we use and grow as humans
mendels work - ANS✅✅not appreciated until a few decades after his work was published when
people began to understand the segregation of chromosomes
fast period of discovery (1 century) - ANS✅✅went from noticing trains in populations to
understanding that it was related to DNA
(then even faster: from knowing that DNA is a molecule that carries genetic information to being
able to manipulate it)
modern technology and genetics - ANS✅✅small population, all closely related to each other
since medicine is socialized--> government has medical information on the population, sold it to a
private company that used the info to observe the relationship between alleles, genes, and patterns
of inheritance across populations
controversial--> lots of good advances, but is it an invasion of privacy?
(also made hook up app to keep people from sleeping with people too closely related to them)
mendel's contributions - ANS✅✅(1866) his general model for the inheritance of traits, each trait is
controlled by a pair of genes that are separated during gamete formation
sutton and boveri - ANS✅✅chromosomal theory of inheritance
heredity and development are dependent on gametic information residing in genes contained in
chromosomes (which are then contributed to each individual by gametes); chromosomes in diploid
pairs exist in pairs (homologous chromosomes)
noted different chromosome behavior in mitosis (chromosomes are copied and distributed so that
each daughter cell has the same number of chromosomes as the mother cell) and meiosis (gamete
formation)
genes carried on chromosomes (inherited traits are controlled by genes residing on chromosomes
transmitted through gametes)
, Central dogma - ANS✅✅(1940s) DNA is heritable material that carries genetic info from one
generation to another; DNA is transcribed into RNA and translated into protein
everything that is inherited is inherited through chromosomes, it will always be related to how
chromosomes are segregated during meiosis
how genes cause phenotypes - ANS✅✅DNA mutations are associated with different forms of
proteins that have different functions
sickle cell anemia - ANS✅✅change in on nucleotide changes on amino acid, changes a protein's
function, example of how genotype effects phenotype by altering protein through a tint genetic
change
biotechnology - ANS✅✅DNA manipulation to make products; thanks to advances in genetics
production of genetically modified crops - ANS✅✅produces crops with more desireable
characteristics (90% of corn is genetically engineers in the US); this started with basic genetic studies
and proceeded with molecular genetic studies
can produce: herbicide, insect, and virus resistance (papaya) ; nutritional enhancement (golden rice);
altered oil contents (healthier oils and fats); delayed ripening (for transportation, tomatoes)
production of transgenic animals - ANS✅✅mostly for pharmaceutical products
used for gene therapy or prenatal diagnoses (prediction of the probability that an individual can get
a disease, or how you can treat a specific genetic disorder); genome editing (bacteria that will make
proteins bind to a specific DNA sequence then cut DNA at that region; creates muscly pugs, mini pifs,
modification of human embryonic cells (not good results); now possible thanks to extensive research
on model organisms
model organisms - ANS✅✅organisms used for the study of basic biological processes
they are easy to grow, have short life cycles, produce many offspring, and lend themselves to
straightforward genetic analysis
mitosis - ANS✅✅production of two daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the
parent cell
