Microbiology Lecture Exam 1: Ch. 1, 3, 4, 5 Questions and Answers

Microbiology Lecture Exam 1: Ch. 1, 3, 4, 5 Questions and Answers Highly adherent, colonizing glycocalyx Biofilm Microorganisms associated with human disease: parasites, fungi, bacteria, viruses. Pathogen A sequence of nucleotides forming part of a chromosome. Gene Describe how microbes are classified. Prokaryotic or eukaryotic (though prokaryotes are all microorganisms) and they are named by genus and species. Describe the role and impact of microbes on earth and humans (good and bad.) Microorganisms have roles in making food and medicine, but also have many roles in disease. Describe Germ Theory Human disease could arise from infection caused by microorganisms. What domain does yeast belong to? Eukaryote List the macromolecules that contribute to cellular composition. Lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. The shape of a bacteria. Morphology The circular bacterial morphology. Coccus Also called a "rod." Bacillus Cheese-puff shaped. Vibrio What are the most common morphologies? Coccus and bacillus Corkscrew Spirochete A chain arangement Fillamentus A signwave Spirillum How the bacteria cells are arranged, some are loners and some travel together as a gang. Arrangement 2 (arrangement) Diplo 4 (arrangement) Tetrad Chain (arrangement) Strepto Grapes (arrangement) Staphylo 8 (arrangement) Sarcina What is the function of the flagellum? Motility and biofilm formation Define chemotaxis. The movement toward a chemical gradient. What is the flagellum made of? Protein How does the flagellum move? In a circular motion A layer of bacteria that exudes sugars. Biofilm All bacteria have a __________. Morphology Not all bacteria have an ___________. Arrangement Polar end, one appendage Monotrichous Polar end, multiple appendages Lophotrichous Two appendages Amphitrichous Appendages all over the surface Peritrichous What are the four types of macromolecules? Carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. Which macromolecules are commonly used for energy production? Carbohydrates and lipids. What is the primary function of a phospholipid? Basis of the double layer membrane. Which macromolecules are used for different structural components of cells? Lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins. Which macromolecule is composed of a chain of amino acids? Proteins The basic composition of the backbone of DNA or RNA is composed of which two molecules? Sugar and phosphate Alpha helix and Beta pleated sheet formation depend on The primary structure (amino acid sequence.) Koch's postulates demonstrates what? The Germ Theory of Disease Bacterial appendage that serves primarily for motility Flagella What macromolecule are pili, flagella, and fimbriae are primarily made of? Protein What is the primary purpose of the capsule? Preventing phagocytosis What is the primary component of the cell wall? Peptidoglycan Which prokaryotic species does not contain a cell wall? Mycoplasma What is a unique component in Gram positive bacteria? Lipoteichoic acids What unique component is present in the cell wall of Mycobacterium? Mycolic acid Circular DNA easily spread from one bacteria to the next that typically carries resistance mechanisms. Plasmid Which Eukaryotic cell type possesses a cell wall? Fungi Thin, hair-like appendage found on protozoa that aid in movement. Cilia What is the unique component in the fungal cell wall? Chitin Term used to describe eukaryotic DNA wound around histone proteins. Chromatin Organelle designed to synthesize lipids and detoxify organic compounds. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Where are protein modifications primarily done in the eukaryotic cell? Golgi apparatus After phagocytosis, the phagosome typically joins this vesicle to begin the process of cell digestion. Vesicle that carries enzymes used to degrade food and microbes engulfed by a eukaryote. Lysosome What macromolecule is not part of the structure of mitochondria? Carbohydrate Viruses will always have these three structural features: Spikes, capsid, nucleic acid Naked viruses lack this structural feature: Envelope What two viral capsid forms can a virus possess? Helical and icosahedral What phase of the viral life cycle involves the use of viral spikes? Adsorption Bacteriophage infect what type of cells? Prokaryotic One virion can contain both DNA and RNA. True or false? False All viral genomes are one circular piece of DNA or RNA. True or false? False Which viral enzyme is used to replicate RNA? Replicase What term is used to describe the engulfment of a virion? Endocytosis How are virions released from the host cell? Exocytosis, budding, and lysis Appendage made of pilin protein and used for twitching motility and conjugation. Pili Appendage mostly made of protein (depending on species) on the outside of bacterial cells, used for biofilm formation and aggregation Fimbriae Repeating polysaccharide units, used for protection, attachment. "Slime layer." Glycocalyx Highly adherent, colonizing glycocalyx Biofilm Bacterial time capsules, provide the survival structure for bacteria and are resistant against heat, pressure, freezing, chemicals, and other elements. Endospores What is the first step in distinguishing bacteria? Analysis of the cell envelope. Functions of the cell membrane. Energy reactions, nutrient processing, and synthesis. Thick peptidoglycan, teichoic acid, lipoteichoic acid, one membrane and one layer. Gram positive cell wall Thin peptidoglycan, outer membrane, lipopolysaccharide, and porins. Gram negative cell wall Always unicellular (amoeba, paramecium) Protozoa Unicellular and multicellular species (yeast) Fungi and algae Always multicellular (tapeworm) Helminths List the 6 steps of viral replication. Adsorption, penetration, uncoating, synthesis, assembly, and release. The standard bacterial cellular envelope contains: Cell membrane & cell wall List the macromolecules that contribute to mitochondria: Nucleic acids, proteins, lipids Bacteriophage replication cycle in which the phage DNA is integrated into the host chromosome and replicated during bacterial cell division. Lysogenic cycle List the macromolecules that contribute to viral genomes. Nucleic acid