CHD 1020 Final Exam Study Guide
Growth Patterns: - correct answer gains in height and weight are fairly steady throughout
middle childhood.
Growth patterns vary from child to child.
Boys and girls continue to gain a little over 2 inches in height per year during the middle
childhood years.
pattern of gradual gains does not vary significantly until children reach the adolescent growth
spurt.
average gain in weight between ages of 6 and 12 is about 5-7 pounds a year: become less
stocky and more slender.
Most deviations from these average heights and weights are normal.
Boys are slightly heavier and taller than girls until 9 or 10.
About age 11, boys develop more muscle and girls develop more fatty tissue. Individual
differences are more marked in middle childhood than before.
As bones lengthen and broaden and muscles strengthen, many children want to engage in more
exercise.
Between ages 6 and 12, children lose their primary teeth and the permanent teeth grow in.
Child's facial bones "catch up" so the teeth and face come together in proportion.
Childhood Asthma: - correct answer an allergy type respiratory disorder characterized by
spasms in the lungs, difficulty breathing, wheezing, often coughing, and a feeling of tightness in
the chest that prevents the person suffering from getting enough air.
Childhood asthma is more likely to be found in more affluent countries. The problem is more
serious in poorer nations.
Children who had previously had respiratory infections and skin irritations were at a higher risk
of developing asthma. Nasal corticosteroids can treat asthma, as well as: cromolyn sodium and
nedocromil, immunomodulators, LABA, and more. Dust, dander, and mites are encouraged to
be removed from homes. Some children can outgrow asthma.
Gender Similarities and Differences: - correct answer Girls begin their adolescent growth spurt
and surpass boys in height and weight until 13 or 14.
Boys approach the peak of their adolescent growth spurt; become taller and heavier than girls.
Steady gains in height and weight in middle childhood is accompanied by an increase in
muscular strength and for both girls and boys.
,Throughout middle childhood, boys and girls perform similarly in most motor activities.
Boys show slightly overall greater strength and in the forearm which aids in throwing and
swinging the bat.
Girls show greater limb coordination and flexibility in activities such as gymnastics, balancing,
and dancing.
At puberty, gender differences in motor performance favoring boys become progressively
greater.
By middle childhood, boys are more involved in competitive games and in games of longer
duration.
In both genders in middle childhood, physical activity decreases with age. Physical activities
become increasingly stereotyped by children as being masculine or feminine.
Concrete Operational Style: - correct answer The third stage in Piaget's cognitive developmental
theory of moral development, characterized by flexible, reversible thought concerning tangible
objects and events.
Lasts until about age 12.
Children show the beginnings of the capacity for adult logic.
However, their thought processes, or operations, generally involve tangible objects rather than
abstract ideas (which is why we refer to their thinking as concrete).
The thinking of a concrete operational child is characterized by reversibility and flexibility.
They are less egocentric than preoperational children.
Concrete operational children can engage in decentration.
They understand the law of conservation.
Transitivity: - correct answer The principle that if A is greater than B in a property and B is
greater than C, then A is greater than C.
Decentration: - correct answer simultaneous focusing on more than one aspect or dimension of
a problem or situation; has implications for conservation and other intellectual undertakings.
Seriation Tasks: - correct answer Placing objects in an order or series according to a property or
trait. Piaget's example was with sticks.
Kohlberg's Moral Development: - correct answer A key factor is knowledge of social rules; he
elaborated on the kinds of information children use and on the complexities of moral
reasoning. Kohlberg emphasized the importance of being able to view the moral world from the
perspective of another person.
, Kholberg said that children and adults arrive at yes or no answers for different reasons. These
reasons can be classified according to the level of moral development they reflect. The
cognitive processes behind each decision reflect different levels of reasoning. Kholberg argued
that the developmental stages of moral reasoning follow the same sequence in all children.
(Stage 1 becomes before Stage 2 and so on)
At the Preconventional level, children base their moral judgments on the consequences of their
behavior. Stage 1 is oriented toward obedience and punishment. Good behavior means being
obedient, which enables one to avoid punishment. In Stage 2, good behavior allows people to
satisfy their own needs as well as the needs of others.
Conventional level of moral reasoning, is a period of time during which moral judgments largely
reflect social rules and conventions. According to stage 3 "good boy/good girl" orientation, it is
good to meet the needs and expectations of others. Moral behavior is what is "natural" or
"normal" or what the majority does. Stage 3 judgements focus on the role of sympathy- on the
importance of doing what will make someone else feel good or better. In Stage 4, moral
judgements are based on rules that maintain the social order. Showing respect for authority
and duty is valued highly. Many people do not develop beyond the conventional level.
Postconventional level: a period during which moral judgments are derived from moral
principles and people look to themselves to set moral standards. If this level of reasoning
develops at all, it is found a
Heinz Dilemma in Middle Childhood: - correct answer Man's wife was ill with cancer. Special
drug needed. Drug was expensive to make and the druggist was charging 10 times of what the
drug cost him to make it. Heinz went to everyone he knew to borrow money, yet he could not
borrow enough. He told the druggist that his wife was dying and asked if he could make it
cheaper, or pay half now and the rest later. Druggist said no, and then Heinz got desperate and
broke into the man's store to steal the drug for himself.
Piaget's Moral Development: - correct answer - First stage: stage of moral realism or objective
morality. Moral realism: the first stage in Piaget's cognitive developmental theory of moral
development. In this stage, children judge acts as moral when they conform to authority or to
the rules of the game. Morality is perceived as embedded in the structure of the universe.
During this stage, which emerges at about age 5, children consider behavior to be correct when
it conforms to authority or to rules of a game. At this stage, children are tough judges. They do
not excuse the person who harms them by accident.
When children reach the ages of 9-11, they show autonomous morality. Moral judgements are
more self governed. Children come to view social roles as arbitrary agreements that can be
changed. Children no longer automatically view obedience to authority figures as right. They
realize that some circumstances require breaking the rules. Children who show autonomous
morality are capable of flexible operational thought. They can focus simultaneously on multiple
dimensions. Children can empathize with others and share their viewpoint. Accidents are less
Growth Patterns: - correct answer gains in height and weight are fairly steady throughout
middle childhood.
Growth patterns vary from child to child.
Boys and girls continue to gain a little over 2 inches in height per year during the middle
childhood years.
pattern of gradual gains does not vary significantly until children reach the adolescent growth
spurt.
average gain in weight between ages of 6 and 12 is about 5-7 pounds a year: become less
stocky and more slender.
Most deviations from these average heights and weights are normal.
Boys are slightly heavier and taller than girls until 9 or 10.
About age 11, boys develop more muscle and girls develop more fatty tissue. Individual
differences are more marked in middle childhood than before.
As bones lengthen and broaden and muscles strengthen, many children want to engage in more
exercise.
Between ages 6 and 12, children lose their primary teeth and the permanent teeth grow in.
Child's facial bones "catch up" so the teeth and face come together in proportion.
Childhood Asthma: - correct answer an allergy type respiratory disorder characterized by
spasms in the lungs, difficulty breathing, wheezing, often coughing, and a feeling of tightness in
the chest that prevents the person suffering from getting enough air.
Childhood asthma is more likely to be found in more affluent countries. The problem is more
serious in poorer nations.
Children who had previously had respiratory infections and skin irritations were at a higher risk
of developing asthma. Nasal corticosteroids can treat asthma, as well as: cromolyn sodium and
nedocromil, immunomodulators, LABA, and more. Dust, dander, and mites are encouraged to
be removed from homes. Some children can outgrow asthma.
Gender Similarities and Differences: - correct answer Girls begin their adolescent growth spurt
and surpass boys in height and weight until 13 or 14.
Boys approach the peak of their adolescent growth spurt; become taller and heavier than girls.
Steady gains in height and weight in middle childhood is accompanied by an increase in
muscular strength and for both girls and boys.
,Throughout middle childhood, boys and girls perform similarly in most motor activities.
Boys show slightly overall greater strength and in the forearm which aids in throwing and
swinging the bat.
Girls show greater limb coordination and flexibility in activities such as gymnastics, balancing,
and dancing.
At puberty, gender differences in motor performance favoring boys become progressively
greater.
By middle childhood, boys are more involved in competitive games and in games of longer
duration.
In both genders in middle childhood, physical activity decreases with age. Physical activities
become increasingly stereotyped by children as being masculine or feminine.
Concrete Operational Style: - correct answer The third stage in Piaget's cognitive developmental
theory of moral development, characterized by flexible, reversible thought concerning tangible
objects and events.
Lasts until about age 12.
Children show the beginnings of the capacity for adult logic.
However, their thought processes, or operations, generally involve tangible objects rather than
abstract ideas (which is why we refer to their thinking as concrete).
The thinking of a concrete operational child is characterized by reversibility and flexibility.
They are less egocentric than preoperational children.
Concrete operational children can engage in decentration.
They understand the law of conservation.
Transitivity: - correct answer The principle that if A is greater than B in a property and B is
greater than C, then A is greater than C.
Decentration: - correct answer simultaneous focusing on more than one aspect or dimension of
a problem or situation; has implications for conservation and other intellectual undertakings.
Seriation Tasks: - correct answer Placing objects in an order or series according to a property or
trait. Piaget's example was with sticks.
Kohlberg's Moral Development: - correct answer A key factor is knowledge of social rules; he
elaborated on the kinds of information children use and on the complexities of moral
reasoning. Kohlberg emphasized the importance of being able to view the moral world from the
perspective of another person.
, Kholberg said that children and adults arrive at yes or no answers for different reasons. These
reasons can be classified according to the level of moral development they reflect. The
cognitive processes behind each decision reflect different levels of reasoning. Kholberg argued
that the developmental stages of moral reasoning follow the same sequence in all children.
(Stage 1 becomes before Stage 2 and so on)
At the Preconventional level, children base their moral judgments on the consequences of their
behavior. Stage 1 is oriented toward obedience and punishment. Good behavior means being
obedient, which enables one to avoid punishment. In Stage 2, good behavior allows people to
satisfy their own needs as well as the needs of others.
Conventional level of moral reasoning, is a period of time during which moral judgments largely
reflect social rules and conventions. According to stage 3 "good boy/good girl" orientation, it is
good to meet the needs and expectations of others. Moral behavior is what is "natural" or
"normal" or what the majority does. Stage 3 judgements focus on the role of sympathy- on the
importance of doing what will make someone else feel good or better. In Stage 4, moral
judgements are based on rules that maintain the social order. Showing respect for authority
and duty is valued highly. Many people do not develop beyond the conventional level.
Postconventional level: a period during which moral judgments are derived from moral
principles and people look to themselves to set moral standards. If this level of reasoning
develops at all, it is found a
Heinz Dilemma in Middle Childhood: - correct answer Man's wife was ill with cancer. Special
drug needed. Drug was expensive to make and the druggist was charging 10 times of what the
drug cost him to make it. Heinz went to everyone he knew to borrow money, yet he could not
borrow enough. He told the druggist that his wife was dying and asked if he could make it
cheaper, or pay half now and the rest later. Druggist said no, and then Heinz got desperate and
broke into the man's store to steal the drug for himself.
Piaget's Moral Development: - correct answer - First stage: stage of moral realism or objective
morality. Moral realism: the first stage in Piaget's cognitive developmental theory of moral
development. In this stage, children judge acts as moral when they conform to authority or to
the rules of the game. Morality is perceived as embedded in the structure of the universe.
During this stage, which emerges at about age 5, children consider behavior to be correct when
it conforms to authority or to rules of a game. At this stage, children are tough judges. They do
not excuse the person who harms them by accident.
When children reach the ages of 9-11, they show autonomous morality. Moral judgements are
more self governed. Children come to view social roles as arbitrary agreements that can be
changed. Children no longer automatically view obedience to authority figures as right. They
realize that some circumstances require breaking the rules. Children who show autonomous
morality are capable of flexible operational thought. They can focus simultaneously on multiple
dimensions. Children can empathize with others and share their viewpoint. Accidents are less
