Midterm Exam: NU606/ NU 606
Exam | Advanced Pathophysiology
Guide| Qs & As| Grade A| 100%
Correct Verified Answers – Regis |
Latest 2025/ 2026 Update
etiology of acute mitral regurgitation - Correct Answer - -ruptured chord
tendinae: infective endocarditis, trauma, acute rheumatic fever,
"spontaneous"
-ruptured or dysfunctional papillary muscles: ischemia, MI, trauma,
myocardial abscess
-perforated leaflet: infective endocarditis, trauma
etiology of chronic mitral regurgitation - Correct Answer - -inflammatory:
rheumatic heart disease, collagen vascular disease
-infection: infective endocarditis
-degenerative: myxomatous degeneration of the valve leaflets,
calcification of mitral annulus
-rupture or dysfunction of chordae tendineae or papillary muscle:
infective endocarditis, acute rheumatic fever, "spontaneous", ischemia,
MI, myocardial abscess
-congenital: development abnormalities
, mitral regurgitation - Correct Answer - -PE: holosystolic murmur, S3,
displaced or hyperdynamic apical pulse
-Dx: transthoracic or transesophageal echocardiogram, right heart cath
congestive heart failure: pathophysiology - Correct Answer - -result of
decreased cardiac output with increased preload and afterload
-inadequate pump function of the heart
-leads to fluid accumulation in lungs and peripheral tissues
-common end result for most cardiac disease processes
-Kerley B lines on x-ray
HFrEF - Correct Answer - EF < 40%
Systolic HF
HFpEF - Correct Answer - normal or increased EF
Diastolic HF
Systolic HF (HFrEF) - Correct Answer - -decreased EF, ventricle loses
contractile function and is unable to maintain a normal EF
-can be caused by MI or exposure to cardiotoxins
-lower fraction of blood being ejected from heart
Exam | Advanced Pathophysiology
Guide| Qs & As| Grade A| 100%
Correct Verified Answers – Regis |
Latest 2025/ 2026 Update
etiology of acute mitral regurgitation - Correct Answer - -ruptured chord
tendinae: infective endocarditis, trauma, acute rheumatic fever,
"spontaneous"
-ruptured or dysfunctional papillary muscles: ischemia, MI, trauma,
myocardial abscess
-perforated leaflet: infective endocarditis, trauma
etiology of chronic mitral regurgitation - Correct Answer - -inflammatory:
rheumatic heart disease, collagen vascular disease
-infection: infective endocarditis
-degenerative: myxomatous degeneration of the valve leaflets,
calcification of mitral annulus
-rupture or dysfunction of chordae tendineae or papillary muscle:
infective endocarditis, acute rheumatic fever, "spontaneous", ischemia,
MI, myocardial abscess
-congenital: development abnormalities
, mitral regurgitation - Correct Answer - -PE: holosystolic murmur, S3,
displaced or hyperdynamic apical pulse
-Dx: transthoracic or transesophageal echocardiogram, right heart cath
congestive heart failure: pathophysiology - Correct Answer - -result of
decreased cardiac output with increased preload and afterload
-inadequate pump function of the heart
-leads to fluid accumulation in lungs and peripheral tissues
-common end result for most cardiac disease processes
-Kerley B lines on x-ray
HFrEF - Correct Answer - EF < 40%
Systolic HF
HFpEF - Correct Answer - normal or increased EF
Diastolic HF
Systolic HF (HFrEF) - Correct Answer - -decreased EF, ventricle loses
contractile function and is unable to maintain a normal EF
-can be caused by MI or exposure to cardiotoxins
-lower fraction of blood being ejected from heart
