NGR6141 FINAL EXAM Florida Atlantic University
STUDY GUIDE 2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS ||
100% GUARANTEED PASS
<RECENT VERSION>
1. A major characteristic of type 1 diabetes is - ANSWER ✔ autoimmune
2. Secretion of ADH and the perception of thirst is stimulated by? - ANSWER
✔ increase in plasma osmolality
3. What physiological change occurs during heat exhaustion? - ANSWER ✔
Hemoconcentration occurs because of the loss of salt and water
4. A malfunction in DNA methylation can lead to? - ANSWER ✔ cancer
5. Which statement is true concerning IgM? - ANSWER ✔ IgM is the first
antibody produced during the initial response to an antigen
6. The loss of ATP during ischemia causes cells to? - ANSWER ✔ Swell
because of the influx of sodium chloride
7. Obesity causes a greater risk of dehydration because? - ANSWER ✔
Adipose cells contain little water because fat is water repelling
,8. In hypoxic injury why does sodium enter the cell and cause swelling? -
ANSWER ✔ Because the there is insufficient ATP to maintain the pump
that keeps sodium out of the cell
9. Single most common cause of cellular injury - ANSWER ✔ Hypoxic
10.Lead poisoning affects the nervous system by? - ANSWER ✔ Interfering
with the function of neurotransmitters
11.Which risk factor for hypertension is influenced by genetics and lifestyle -
ANSWER ✔ Obesity
12.Thirst activates osmoreceptors by an increase in which blood plasma? -
ANSWER ✔ By an increase in the osmotic pressure of the plasma
13.1a. How does the skin protect us against antigens in the environment?
1b. What kinds of cells play a role in this process? - ANSWER ✔ - It is the
first line of defense, regulates body temp, immune response
- provides a protective barrier between the host and the outside
environment, and the linings of the internal body organs help absorb
substances into the body, excrete waste products, and secrete
substances into body cavities.
- this tissue covers most internal and external surfaces of the body.
- The functions include protection, absorption, secretion, and excretion
, - provide biochemical barriers by synthesizing and secreting substances
meant to trap of destroy microorganisms. i.e. Mucus, earwax, goblet
cells, saliva, tears.
14.1c. What kinds of epidermal cells play a role in the protecting us from
antigens? - ANSWER ✔ - Keratinocytes - produce keratin (scleroprotein -
protection from stress)
- Melanocyte - produces melanin, shields UV radiation, determines skin
color
- Langerhans Cells - migrate from bone marrow, initiates immune
response with dendrites
- Merkel Cells - "touch receptors" slowly adapting mechanoreceptors
15.1d. What kinds of dermal cells play a role in the protecting us from
antigens? - ANSWER ✔ - Fibroblasts - generate connective tissue, for
wound healing
- Mast Cells - release histamine, hypersensitivity and immune FX
- Magrophanges - Phagocytotic, partial role in immune response,
wound healing
- Histocytes - in loose connective tissue, Machrophange, phagocytes
pigments and debris of inflammation
16.1e. Other types of 'skin' cells that protect us from antigens? - ANSWER ✔ -
Nails: protective keratinized plates
- Sebaceous Glands: secrete sebum, oils skin/hair, prevents drying
- Eccrine Sweat Glands: thermoregulate/ cool the body, evaporation
, 17.2. In allergic contact dermatitis, how does the body recognize the antigen?
Think about how the immune response and the cells involved. - ANSWER
✔ - Allergan comes into contact with the skin bound to a carrier protein,
forming a hapten-specific sensitizing antigen
- Langerhans cells process antigen and carry it to T-Cells
- T-Cells become sensitized to antigen, releasing cytokines and
chemokine leading to leukocyte infiltration and inflammation
18.3. What is Tinea Corpis? - ANSWER ✔ - A condition known as
RINGWORM that is a fungal infection of the skin caused by Trichophyton
or mircosporum, classified according to the location.
results in a circular, clearly circumscribed, mildly erythematous (pink to red)
scaly patches with a slightly elevated "ring-like" boarder, rash and itching or
areas no covered by hair
- Commonly found on scalp, feet, face, hands and groin
Source: kittens, puppies, lesion to lesion contact
19.4. What are signs and symptoms of atopic dermatitis? - ANSWER ✔ - A
chronic hereditary skin disease characterized by intense itching inflamed
skin which causes redness swelling cracking crusting and scaling. Aka
Atopic Eczema. Severe Puritis
- Lichenification - thickening of the epidermis from constant itching
and scar tissue formation
20.5. Where do these cancers originate: (chap 12 p367)
STUDY GUIDE 2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS ||
100% GUARANTEED PASS
<RECENT VERSION>
1. A major characteristic of type 1 diabetes is - ANSWER ✔ autoimmune
2. Secretion of ADH and the perception of thirst is stimulated by? - ANSWER
✔ increase in plasma osmolality
3. What physiological change occurs during heat exhaustion? - ANSWER ✔
Hemoconcentration occurs because of the loss of salt and water
4. A malfunction in DNA methylation can lead to? - ANSWER ✔ cancer
5. Which statement is true concerning IgM? - ANSWER ✔ IgM is the first
antibody produced during the initial response to an antigen
6. The loss of ATP during ischemia causes cells to? - ANSWER ✔ Swell
because of the influx of sodium chloride
7. Obesity causes a greater risk of dehydration because? - ANSWER ✔
Adipose cells contain little water because fat is water repelling
,8. In hypoxic injury why does sodium enter the cell and cause swelling? -
ANSWER ✔ Because the there is insufficient ATP to maintain the pump
that keeps sodium out of the cell
9. Single most common cause of cellular injury - ANSWER ✔ Hypoxic
10.Lead poisoning affects the nervous system by? - ANSWER ✔ Interfering
with the function of neurotransmitters
11.Which risk factor for hypertension is influenced by genetics and lifestyle -
ANSWER ✔ Obesity
12.Thirst activates osmoreceptors by an increase in which blood plasma? -
ANSWER ✔ By an increase in the osmotic pressure of the plasma
13.1a. How does the skin protect us against antigens in the environment?
1b. What kinds of cells play a role in this process? - ANSWER ✔ - It is the
first line of defense, regulates body temp, immune response
- provides a protective barrier between the host and the outside
environment, and the linings of the internal body organs help absorb
substances into the body, excrete waste products, and secrete
substances into body cavities.
- this tissue covers most internal and external surfaces of the body.
- The functions include protection, absorption, secretion, and excretion
, - provide biochemical barriers by synthesizing and secreting substances
meant to trap of destroy microorganisms. i.e. Mucus, earwax, goblet
cells, saliva, tears.
14.1c. What kinds of epidermal cells play a role in the protecting us from
antigens? - ANSWER ✔ - Keratinocytes - produce keratin (scleroprotein -
protection from stress)
- Melanocyte - produces melanin, shields UV radiation, determines skin
color
- Langerhans Cells - migrate from bone marrow, initiates immune
response with dendrites
- Merkel Cells - "touch receptors" slowly adapting mechanoreceptors
15.1d. What kinds of dermal cells play a role in the protecting us from
antigens? - ANSWER ✔ - Fibroblasts - generate connective tissue, for
wound healing
- Mast Cells - release histamine, hypersensitivity and immune FX
- Magrophanges - Phagocytotic, partial role in immune response,
wound healing
- Histocytes - in loose connective tissue, Machrophange, phagocytes
pigments and debris of inflammation
16.1e. Other types of 'skin' cells that protect us from antigens? - ANSWER ✔ -
Nails: protective keratinized plates
- Sebaceous Glands: secrete sebum, oils skin/hair, prevents drying
- Eccrine Sweat Glands: thermoregulate/ cool the body, evaporation
, 17.2. In allergic contact dermatitis, how does the body recognize the antigen?
Think about how the immune response and the cells involved. - ANSWER
✔ - Allergan comes into contact with the skin bound to a carrier protein,
forming a hapten-specific sensitizing antigen
- Langerhans cells process antigen and carry it to T-Cells
- T-Cells become sensitized to antigen, releasing cytokines and
chemokine leading to leukocyte infiltration and inflammation
18.3. What is Tinea Corpis? - ANSWER ✔ - A condition known as
RINGWORM that is a fungal infection of the skin caused by Trichophyton
or mircosporum, classified according to the location.
results in a circular, clearly circumscribed, mildly erythematous (pink to red)
scaly patches with a slightly elevated "ring-like" boarder, rash and itching or
areas no covered by hair
- Commonly found on scalp, feet, face, hands and groin
Source: kittens, puppies, lesion to lesion contact
19.4. What are signs and symptoms of atopic dermatitis? - ANSWER ✔ - A
chronic hereditary skin disease characterized by intense itching inflamed
skin which causes redness swelling cracking crusting and scaling. Aka
Atopic Eczema. Severe Puritis
- Lichenification - thickening of the epidermis from constant itching
and scar tissue formation
20.5. Where do these cancers originate: (chap 12 p367)
