BLUEPRINT NUR 529 EXAM 1 2025/2026
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% PASS
Pathogenesis
how the disease process develops
sequence of cellular and tissue events that take place from the time of initial contact with an
etiologic agent until expression of a disease
Morphology
fundamental structure or form of cells or tissues
Histology
the study of the cells and extracellular matrix of body tissues
Clinical Manifestations
signs/ symptoms
objective/ subjective findings
Diagnosis
designation as to the nature or cause of a health problem
Clinical course
the evolution of the disease
Acute
severe/ self limiting
chronic
long term; exacerbations and remissions
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026.
,subacute
between acute and chronic; not as severe as acute/ not as prolonged as chronic
preclinical stage
the disease is not clinically evident but is destined to progress to clinical disease
subclinical stage
not apparent and not destined to become apparent
dx w/antibody and culture tests
clinical disease
manifested by s/s; persistent, chronic, sometimes lifelong disease
disease
any deviation from or interruption of the normal structure or function of any body part, organ,
or system of the body
manifested by characteristic s/s and whose etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known
or unknown
Causes of atrophy
disuse, denervation, loss of endocrine stimulation, inadequate nutrition, ischemia or decreased
blood flow
hyperplasia
Increased number of cells
physiologic or pathologic
example of physiologic hyperplasia
Hormonal (breast/ uterine enlargement w/ pregnancy)
Compensatory (regeneration of liver after partial removal)
example of pathologic hyperplasia
due to excess hormone stimulation
BPH (androgens)
Endometrial hyperplasia
may progress into cancer
Metplasia
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026.
,one cell type (epithelial or mesenchymal) is replaced by another cell type
response to chronic irritation
metaplasia examples
Barrett Esophagus (BE)- from chronic GERD inflammation
Adaptive substitution of stratified squamous epithelial cells for ciliated columnar epithelial cells
in the trachea/ large airways of smokers
Dysplasia
deranged cell growth
results in cells that vary in size, shape, and organization
mostly in the respiratory tract/ uterine cervix
Dysplasia examples
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD) in preterms and newborns
Cervical Dysplasia: precursor to cancer (pap smear to dx)
Liquefaction necrosis- example
softening of the center of an abscess with discharge of its contents
Coagulation necrosis
acidosis devleops and dentaures enzymatic and structural proteins of the cell
characteristic of hypoxic injury; seen in infarcted areas
Caseous necrosis
dead cells persist indefinitely
ex: center of tuberculous granulomnas/tubercles
cheese-like substance
Gangrene types
wet
dry
gas (clostridium perfringens)
Ischemia
decreased blood flow leading to decreased O2 and nutrients
ex: blockage of a vessel (blood clot), atherosclerosis, arterial spasm
can be reversible if blood flow is restored in time
infarction
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026.
, necrosis due to prolonged ischemia
ex: thrombus/ embolus, dz of arterial wall, pressure from outside the vessel
Fatty necrosis
breakdown of fatty tissue into fatty acids and glycerol
formation of chalky white areas due to fatty acids and calcium that form sops (saponification)
examples of fatty necrosis
trauma to breast, pancreas, subq tissue
acute pancreattitis due to release of enzymes like lipase
Intracellular waste build up
can be normal or abnormal
normal causes of intrcellular waste buildup
lipids, proteins, carbs, melanin, bilirubin in large amounts
Tay-Sachs disease
genetic
abnormal lipids build up in the brain and other tissues
motor/ mental deterioration
Pathologic calcificatons
dystrophic/ metastatic
abnormal tissues deposition of calcium salts, together with smaller amounts of iron, mag, and
other minerals
Dystrophic calcifications
pathologic
in DEAD/DYING tissues
macroscopic )visible to the naked eye)
gritty grains to rock material
intracellular/ extracellular formation of crystalline calcium phosphate
most prevalent mechanism of calcific aortic valve disease
examples of dysrtrophic calcifications
atheromatous lesions of advanced atherosclerosis
areas of injury in the aorta and large blood vessels
necrotic tissues
4 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% PASS
Pathogenesis
how the disease process develops
sequence of cellular and tissue events that take place from the time of initial contact with an
etiologic agent until expression of a disease
Morphology
fundamental structure or form of cells or tissues
Histology
the study of the cells and extracellular matrix of body tissues
Clinical Manifestations
signs/ symptoms
objective/ subjective findings
Diagnosis
designation as to the nature or cause of a health problem
Clinical course
the evolution of the disease
Acute
severe/ self limiting
chronic
long term; exacerbations and remissions
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026.
,subacute
between acute and chronic; not as severe as acute/ not as prolonged as chronic
preclinical stage
the disease is not clinically evident but is destined to progress to clinical disease
subclinical stage
not apparent and not destined to become apparent
dx w/antibody and culture tests
clinical disease
manifested by s/s; persistent, chronic, sometimes lifelong disease
disease
any deviation from or interruption of the normal structure or function of any body part, organ,
or system of the body
manifested by characteristic s/s and whose etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known
or unknown
Causes of atrophy
disuse, denervation, loss of endocrine stimulation, inadequate nutrition, ischemia or decreased
blood flow
hyperplasia
Increased number of cells
physiologic or pathologic
example of physiologic hyperplasia
Hormonal (breast/ uterine enlargement w/ pregnancy)
Compensatory (regeneration of liver after partial removal)
example of pathologic hyperplasia
due to excess hormone stimulation
BPH (androgens)
Endometrial hyperplasia
may progress into cancer
Metplasia
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026.
,one cell type (epithelial or mesenchymal) is replaced by another cell type
response to chronic irritation
metaplasia examples
Barrett Esophagus (BE)- from chronic GERD inflammation
Adaptive substitution of stratified squamous epithelial cells for ciliated columnar epithelial cells
in the trachea/ large airways of smokers
Dysplasia
deranged cell growth
results in cells that vary in size, shape, and organization
mostly in the respiratory tract/ uterine cervix
Dysplasia examples
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD) in preterms and newborns
Cervical Dysplasia: precursor to cancer (pap smear to dx)
Liquefaction necrosis- example
softening of the center of an abscess with discharge of its contents
Coagulation necrosis
acidosis devleops and dentaures enzymatic and structural proteins of the cell
characteristic of hypoxic injury; seen in infarcted areas
Caseous necrosis
dead cells persist indefinitely
ex: center of tuberculous granulomnas/tubercles
cheese-like substance
Gangrene types
wet
dry
gas (clostridium perfringens)
Ischemia
decreased blood flow leading to decreased O2 and nutrients
ex: blockage of a vessel (blood clot), atherosclerosis, arterial spasm
can be reversible if blood flow is restored in time
infarction
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026.
, necrosis due to prolonged ischemia
ex: thrombus/ embolus, dz of arterial wall, pressure from outside the vessel
Fatty necrosis
breakdown of fatty tissue into fatty acids and glycerol
formation of chalky white areas due to fatty acids and calcium that form sops (saponification)
examples of fatty necrosis
trauma to breast, pancreas, subq tissue
acute pancreattitis due to release of enzymes like lipase
Intracellular waste build up
can be normal or abnormal
normal causes of intrcellular waste buildup
lipids, proteins, carbs, melanin, bilirubin in large amounts
Tay-Sachs disease
genetic
abnormal lipids build up in the brain and other tissues
motor/ mental deterioration
Pathologic calcificatons
dystrophic/ metastatic
abnormal tissues deposition of calcium salts, together with smaller amounts of iron, mag, and
other minerals
Dystrophic calcifications
pathologic
in DEAD/DYING tissues
macroscopic )visible to the naked eye)
gritty grains to rock material
intracellular/ extracellular formation of crystalline calcium phosphate
most prevalent mechanism of calcific aortic valve disease
examples of dysrtrophic calcifications
atheromatous lesions of advanced atherosclerosis
areas of injury in the aorta and large blood vessels
necrotic tissues
4 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026.
