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NAO BOOK 1 EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 2025
Reflex tears - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ Produced by
lacrimal glands & are caused by stimulus such as
coughing, sneezing, strong smells & emotions
Layers of tear film (outer-innermost) - ....ANSWER
....✔✔ Lipid, aqueous, mucin
Tear lake, tear prism, tear meniscus - ....ANSWER
....✔✔ Collection of the thin film of tears on the lower
lid margin
Ectropia - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ Eyelids turn outward
Entropion - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ Eyelids turn inward
Conjunctiva - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ Mucous membrane
lining lids & globe
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Goblet cells - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ produce mucus
Conjunctivitis - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ inflammation of the
conjunctiva
First tunic (outer tunic) - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ Sclera,
cornea, limbus
2nd tunic (middle tunic) - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ Sclera-
retina (iris, ciliary body, choroid)
3rd tunic (inner tunic) - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ Retina
Outer tunic - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ Fibrous; receives O2
from tears and blood vessels
Layers of the cornea (outermost-innermost) - ....ANSWER
....✔✔ Epithelium, Bowman's layer, stroma,
descements membrane, endothelium
Epithelium - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ Has 5-7 layers
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Bowman's layer - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ If damaged,
scar tissue will form
Endothelium - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ If deprived of O2,
will lost cells quickly & cause swelling
Average power of the cornea - ....ANSWER ....✔✔
42.00-45.00 diopters
Canal of Schlemm - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ Encircles the
lumbar region; where aqueous drains into the trabecular
meshwork
Middle tunic - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ vascular
Inner tunic - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ Light sensitive
Anterior chamber - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ Back surface
of the cornea & the iris
Posterior chamber - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ Between the
iris and crystalline lens
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Anisocoria - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ unequal pupil size
Iritis - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ inflammation of the iris
Sphincter - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ Muscle that constricts,
causing the pupil to become smaller
Dilator - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ Muscle dilates causing
the pupil to become larger
Floaters - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ Located in the vitreous
Aphakia - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ Absence of the
crystalline lens
Presbyopia - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ loss of
accommodation
6 extraocular muscles - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ Medial
rectus, lateral rectus, inferior rectus, superior rectus,
superior oblique, inferior oblique
NAO BOOK 1 EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 2025
Reflex tears - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ Produced by
lacrimal glands & are caused by stimulus such as
coughing, sneezing, strong smells & emotions
Layers of tear film (outer-innermost) - ....ANSWER
....✔✔ Lipid, aqueous, mucin
Tear lake, tear prism, tear meniscus - ....ANSWER
....✔✔ Collection of the thin film of tears on the lower
lid margin
Ectropia - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ Eyelids turn outward
Entropion - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ Eyelids turn inward
Conjunctiva - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ Mucous membrane
lining lids & globe
,2|Page
Goblet cells - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ produce mucus
Conjunctivitis - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ inflammation of the
conjunctiva
First tunic (outer tunic) - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ Sclera,
cornea, limbus
2nd tunic (middle tunic) - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ Sclera-
retina (iris, ciliary body, choroid)
3rd tunic (inner tunic) - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ Retina
Outer tunic - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ Fibrous; receives O2
from tears and blood vessels
Layers of the cornea (outermost-innermost) - ....ANSWER
....✔✔ Epithelium, Bowman's layer, stroma,
descements membrane, endothelium
Epithelium - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ Has 5-7 layers
,3|Page
Bowman's layer - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ If damaged,
scar tissue will form
Endothelium - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ If deprived of O2,
will lost cells quickly & cause swelling
Average power of the cornea - ....ANSWER ....✔✔
42.00-45.00 diopters
Canal of Schlemm - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ Encircles the
lumbar region; where aqueous drains into the trabecular
meshwork
Middle tunic - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ vascular
Inner tunic - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ Light sensitive
Anterior chamber - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ Back surface
of the cornea & the iris
Posterior chamber - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ Between the
iris and crystalline lens
, 4|Page
Anisocoria - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ unequal pupil size
Iritis - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ inflammation of the iris
Sphincter - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ Muscle that constricts,
causing the pupil to become smaller
Dilator - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ Muscle dilates causing
the pupil to become larger
Floaters - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ Located in the vitreous
Aphakia - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ Absence of the
crystalline lens
Presbyopia - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ loss of
accommodation
6 extraocular muscles - ....ANSWER ....✔✔ Medial
rectus, lateral rectus, inferior rectus, superior rectus,
superior oblique, inferior oblique
