NURS 500A PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM
1 2025/2026 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
100% PASS
Osmolarity
measure of total concentration of solute particles
Osmolality
A measure of the number of particles per kilogram of water
isotonic solution
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal to that of the cell which
resides in the solution
Hypertonic Solution
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell that resides in
the solution
Hypotonic Solution
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is less than that of the cell that resides in the
solution
In terms of the resting membrane potential, the inside of the cell is more __ than the outside
negative
Catabolism is energy __ while anabolism is energy __.
releasing; using
Paracrine signaling
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026.
,Signal released from a cell has an effect on neighboring cells.
Autocrine signaling
the target cell is also the secreting cell
Hormonal signaling
secreting cell to blood to target cell
Neurohormonal signaling
secreting neuron to blood to target cell
Neurotransmission signaling
nerve cell to receptor on the target cell
atrophy
decrease in cell size
hypertrophy
increase in cell size
hyperplasia
increase in number of cells
Metaplasia
Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type
Dysplasia
deranged cellular growth
Active cell injury
Immediate response of "entire" cell
Necrosis
cell death with severe breakdown of organelles
autophagy
cytoplasmic vesicles engulf cytoplasm and organelles
Pathologic calcification
dystrophic and metastatic calcification
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026.
, Hypoxia
Low oxygen saturation of the body, not enough oxygen in the blood
What is the most common cause of hypoxia?
ischemia
Hypoxia triggers mitochondrial complex to produce...
reactive oxygen species
Ischemia
Lack of blood supply
Anoxia
total lack of oxygen
Hypoxemia
oxygen levels in blood are lower than normal
Free radicals
electrically uncharged atom, group of atoms, which has an unpaired electron
How are free radicals removed?
normal decay and enzymatic systems
Total body water of adult? children?
60%
75-80%
4 Signs of hypovolemia
low weight, low amount of urine, high concentration of urine
high Na levels
5 Signs of Hypervolemia
high BP
high respiratory rate
protruding neck veins
edema
increased weight
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026.
1 2025/2026 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
100% PASS
Osmolarity
measure of total concentration of solute particles
Osmolality
A measure of the number of particles per kilogram of water
isotonic solution
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal to that of the cell which
resides in the solution
Hypertonic Solution
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell that resides in
the solution
Hypotonic Solution
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is less than that of the cell that resides in the
solution
In terms of the resting membrane potential, the inside of the cell is more __ than the outside
negative
Catabolism is energy __ while anabolism is energy __.
releasing; using
Paracrine signaling
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026.
,Signal released from a cell has an effect on neighboring cells.
Autocrine signaling
the target cell is also the secreting cell
Hormonal signaling
secreting cell to blood to target cell
Neurohormonal signaling
secreting neuron to blood to target cell
Neurotransmission signaling
nerve cell to receptor on the target cell
atrophy
decrease in cell size
hypertrophy
increase in cell size
hyperplasia
increase in number of cells
Metaplasia
Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type
Dysplasia
deranged cellular growth
Active cell injury
Immediate response of "entire" cell
Necrosis
cell death with severe breakdown of organelles
autophagy
cytoplasmic vesicles engulf cytoplasm and organelles
Pathologic calcification
dystrophic and metastatic calcification
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026.
, Hypoxia
Low oxygen saturation of the body, not enough oxygen in the blood
What is the most common cause of hypoxia?
ischemia
Hypoxia triggers mitochondrial complex to produce...
reactive oxygen species
Ischemia
Lack of blood supply
Anoxia
total lack of oxygen
Hypoxemia
oxygen levels in blood are lower than normal
Free radicals
electrically uncharged atom, group of atoms, which has an unpaired electron
How are free radicals removed?
normal decay and enzymatic systems
Total body water of adult? children?
60%
75-80%
4 Signs of hypovolemia
low weight, low amount of urine, high concentration of urine
high Na levels
5 Signs of Hypervolemia
high BP
high respiratory rate
protruding neck veins
edema
increased weight
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026.
