Biology 1407 Exam test questions
and answers graded A+
Evolution - ANS✅✅any genetic change in a population of species from generation to generation
Microevolution - ANS✅✅(short term) change in the proportion of alleles in a population of species
from generation to generation
Macroevolution - ANS✅✅(usually long term) change that occurs at the species level or above
natural selection - ANS✅✅traits accumulate in a population according to their enhancement of
reproductive success according to environmental factors (fitness level)
Genetic Drift - ANS✅✅fluctuation in the proportion of alleles from generation to generation due
to chance interactions and small population size
-(the proportion of alleles can shift solely due to random mating and chance)
Gene Flow - ANS✅✅the movement of individuals between populations
-(separate populations may have different genetic distribution and gene flow between population
change the proportion of alleles)
Speciation - ANS✅✅the process by which one species splits into two or more species
3 steps for speciation - ANS✅✅1: a barrier to gene flow
2: differing selective pressures
3: reproductive isolation
divergent evolution - ANS✅✅when two or more species sharing a common ancestor become more
different over time
, covergent evolution - ANS✅✅when structures look the same and share a common function but
are not derived from a common ancestor
prezygotic barriers - ANS✅✅barriers to mating and fertilization
postzygotic barriers - ANS✅✅Barriers that prevent hybrids from becoming a fertile adult.
What was the first organism on earth? - ANS✅✅Photosynthetic Prokaryotes
What happened to allow for the evolution of aerobic respiration? - ANS✅✅The photosynthetic
prokaryote changed the carbon dioxide atmosphere into an aerobic atmosphere with oxygen (2.2
billion years ago)
endosymbiotic theory - ANS✅✅chloroplasts and mitochondria were once free-living bacteria that
were engulfed by a larger cell
regulatory gene - ANS✅✅(most developmental genes) regulate the transcription of other genes in
the genome; they can control if, when, and for how long the gene is activated
homeotic genes - ANS✅✅are specific regulatory genes that determine where certain tissues and
organs develop (location)
Protists - ANS✅✅A eukaryotic organism that cannot be classified as an animal, plant, or fungus.
animal - ANS✅✅Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic organisms that obtain their food by
eating, also use embryonic development
Fungi - ANS✅✅heterotrophic eukaryotes which obtain their nutrients from absorption
(decompose)
plant - ANS✅✅multicellular eukaryote that produces its own food through photosynthesis
peptidoglycan - ANS✅✅differentiates gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria
and answers graded A+
Evolution - ANS✅✅any genetic change in a population of species from generation to generation
Microevolution - ANS✅✅(short term) change in the proportion of alleles in a population of species
from generation to generation
Macroevolution - ANS✅✅(usually long term) change that occurs at the species level or above
natural selection - ANS✅✅traits accumulate in a population according to their enhancement of
reproductive success according to environmental factors (fitness level)
Genetic Drift - ANS✅✅fluctuation in the proportion of alleles from generation to generation due
to chance interactions and small population size
-(the proportion of alleles can shift solely due to random mating and chance)
Gene Flow - ANS✅✅the movement of individuals between populations
-(separate populations may have different genetic distribution and gene flow between population
change the proportion of alleles)
Speciation - ANS✅✅the process by which one species splits into two or more species
3 steps for speciation - ANS✅✅1: a barrier to gene flow
2: differing selective pressures
3: reproductive isolation
divergent evolution - ANS✅✅when two or more species sharing a common ancestor become more
different over time
, covergent evolution - ANS✅✅when structures look the same and share a common function but
are not derived from a common ancestor
prezygotic barriers - ANS✅✅barriers to mating and fertilization
postzygotic barriers - ANS✅✅Barriers that prevent hybrids from becoming a fertile adult.
What was the first organism on earth? - ANS✅✅Photosynthetic Prokaryotes
What happened to allow for the evolution of aerobic respiration? - ANS✅✅The photosynthetic
prokaryote changed the carbon dioxide atmosphere into an aerobic atmosphere with oxygen (2.2
billion years ago)
endosymbiotic theory - ANS✅✅chloroplasts and mitochondria were once free-living bacteria that
were engulfed by a larger cell
regulatory gene - ANS✅✅(most developmental genes) regulate the transcription of other genes in
the genome; they can control if, when, and for how long the gene is activated
homeotic genes - ANS✅✅are specific regulatory genes that determine where certain tissues and
organs develop (location)
Protists - ANS✅✅A eukaryotic organism that cannot be classified as an animal, plant, or fungus.
animal - ANS✅✅Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic organisms that obtain their food by
eating, also use embryonic development
Fungi - ANS✅✅heterotrophic eukaryotes which obtain their nutrients from absorption
(decompose)
plant - ANS✅✅multicellular eukaryote that produces its own food through photosynthesis
peptidoglycan - ANS✅✅differentiates gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria
