Biology 1407 Exam test queries and
answers graded A+
Genetic variation - ANS✅✅differences in alleles of genes found within individuals of a population,
provides raw material for natural selection
Evolution - ANS✅✅- genetic change in a population of organisms; in general, evolution leads to
progressive change from simple to complex.
- can result from any process that causes a change in the genetic composition of a population
Charles Darwin - ANS✅✅- proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution
natural selection - ANS✅✅- the differential reproduction of genotypes; caused by factors in the
environment; leads to evolutionary change
- produces evolutionary change when some individuals in population possess certain inherited
characteristics and then produce more surviving offspring than individuals lacking these
characteristics
- result will lead population to include more and more individuals with the advantageous
characteristics, so population evolves and becomes better adapted to its environmental
circumstances
Jean-Baptiste Lamarch - ANS✅✅- rival theory of Charles Darwin
- evolution occurred by the inheritance of acquired characteristics
inheritance of acquired characteristics - ANS✅✅- known as Lamarckism, the theory that
individuals genetically pass on to their offspring physical and behavioral changes developed during
the individuals' own lifetime
- ex: giraffes with short necks stretch to reach food, and this extension will pass on to subsequent
generations
,way to monitor population change through time - ANS✅✅look at changes in the frequencies of
alleles of a gene from one generation to the next. Natural selection, by favoring individuals with
certain alleles, can lead to change in allele frequencies.
population genetics - ANS✅✅the study of the properties of genes in populations
blending inheritance - ANS✅✅- theory in which offspring were expected to be phenotypically
accepted
- if it was correct, then the effect of any new genetic variant would quickly be diluted to the point of
disappearance in subsequent generations
hardy-weinberg principal - ANS✅✅original proportions of the genotypes in a population will
remain constant from generation to generation if there is:
- no mutation
- no genes are transferred to or from other sources (no immigration or emigration: gene flow)
- mating is random
- population is large
- no selection occurs
hardy-weinberg equilibrium - ANS✅✅- a mathematical description of the fact that allele and
genotype frequencies remain constant in a random mating population in the absence of inbreeding
selection, or other evolutionary forces; usually stated: if the frequency of allele 'a' is 'p' and the
frequency of allele 'b' is 'q', then the proper genotype frequencies after one generation of random
mating will always be P²+2PQ+Q²=1
- by detecting the lack of equilibrium, we can generate a potential hypotheses that we can
investigate directly
allele frequency - ANS✅✅a measure of the occurrence of an allele in a population, expressed as
proportion of the entire population
P+Q=1
, always find Q first
genotype frequency - ANS✅✅a measure of the occurrence of a genotype in a population,
expressed as a proportion of the entire population
P²+2PQ+Q²=1
P being dominate allele
Q being recessive allele
P² being homozygous dominate
Q² being homozygous recessive
2PQ being heterozygous
what would cause an excess of homozygotes and deficit of heterozygoes - ANS✅✅- natural
selection favoring homozygotes over heterozygotes
- individuals choosing to mate with genetically similar individuals
- influx of homozygous individuals from outside populations
five agents of evolutionary change - ANS✅✅- mutation
- gene flow
- nonrandom mating
- genetic flow
- selection
mutation - ANS✅✅- a permanent change in a cell's DNA; includes changes in nucleotide sequence,
alteration of gene position, gene loss, or duplication and insertion of foreign sequences
- ultimate source of genetic variation
answers graded A+
Genetic variation - ANS✅✅differences in alleles of genes found within individuals of a population,
provides raw material for natural selection
Evolution - ANS✅✅- genetic change in a population of organisms; in general, evolution leads to
progressive change from simple to complex.
- can result from any process that causes a change in the genetic composition of a population
Charles Darwin - ANS✅✅- proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution
natural selection - ANS✅✅- the differential reproduction of genotypes; caused by factors in the
environment; leads to evolutionary change
- produces evolutionary change when some individuals in population possess certain inherited
characteristics and then produce more surviving offspring than individuals lacking these
characteristics
- result will lead population to include more and more individuals with the advantageous
characteristics, so population evolves and becomes better adapted to its environmental
circumstances
Jean-Baptiste Lamarch - ANS✅✅- rival theory of Charles Darwin
- evolution occurred by the inheritance of acquired characteristics
inheritance of acquired characteristics - ANS✅✅- known as Lamarckism, the theory that
individuals genetically pass on to their offspring physical and behavioral changes developed during
the individuals' own lifetime
- ex: giraffes with short necks stretch to reach food, and this extension will pass on to subsequent
generations
,way to monitor population change through time - ANS✅✅look at changes in the frequencies of
alleles of a gene from one generation to the next. Natural selection, by favoring individuals with
certain alleles, can lead to change in allele frequencies.
population genetics - ANS✅✅the study of the properties of genes in populations
blending inheritance - ANS✅✅- theory in which offspring were expected to be phenotypically
accepted
- if it was correct, then the effect of any new genetic variant would quickly be diluted to the point of
disappearance in subsequent generations
hardy-weinberg principal - ANS✅✅original proportions of the genotypes in a population will
remain constant from generation to generation if there is:
- no mutation
- no genes are transferred to or from other sources (no immigration or emigration: gene flow)
- mating is random
- population is large
- no selection occurs
hardy-weinberg equilibrium - ANS✅✅- a mathematical description of the fact that allele and
genotype frequencies remain constant in a random mating population in the absence of inbreeding
selection, or other evolutionary forces; usually stated: if the frequency of allele 'a' is 'p' and the
frequency of allele 'b' is 'q', then the proper genotype frequencies after one generation of random
mating will always be P²+2PQ+Q²=1
- by detecting the lack of equilibrium, we can generate a potential hypotheses that we can
investigate directly
allele frequency - ANS✅✅a measure of the occurrence of an allele in a population, expressed as
proportion of the entire population
P+Q=1
, always find Q first
genotype frequency - ANS✅✅a measure of the occurrence of a genotype in a population,
expressed as a proportion of the entire population
P²+2PQ+Q²=1
P being dominate allele
Q being recessive allele
P² being homozygous dominate
Q² being homozygous recessive
2PQ being heterozygous
what would cause an excess of homozygotes and deficit of heterozygoes - ANS✅✅- natural
selection favoring homozygotes over heterozygotes
- individuals choosing to mate with genetically similar individuals
- influx of homozygous individuals from outside populations
five agents of evolutionary change - ANS✅✅- mutation
- gene flow
- nonrandom mating
- genetic flow
- selection
mutation - ANS✅✅- a permanent change in a cell's DNA; includes changes in nucleotide sequence,
alteration of gene position, gene loss, or duplication and insertion of foreign sequences
- ultimate source of genetic variation
