NGR6141 EXAM 3 OBJECTIVES STUDY GUIDE WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS!!
Q1: What is the pericardium?
A1: The pericardium is a double-walled membranous sac that surrounds and
protects the heart, enclosing the epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium.
Q2: What are the three main functions of the pericardium?
A2:
Prevents displacement of the heart during changes in body movement such as
acceleration or deceleration.
Acts as a protective barrier, preventing infections and inflammation from spreading
to the heart from nearby organs such as the lungs.
Contains pain and stretch receptors that help regulate heart rate and blood pressure
reflexes.
Q3: What are the two layers of the pericardium?
A3:
Parietal layer – the outer layer made of mesothelium and connective tissue.
Visceral layer (Epicardium) – the inner layer directly covering the heart.
,Q4: What lies between the two layers of the pericardium?
A4: The pericardial cavity, which contains about 20 mL of pericardial fluid that
reduces friction during heart movement.
Heart Valves
Q5: What causes the heart valves to open and close?
A5: The valves open and close in response to pressure differences between the
heart chambers.
Q6: What are the two main types of heart valves?
A6:
Atrioventricular (AV) valves – allow one-way blood flow from the atria to the
ventricles.
Semilunar valves – allow one-way blood flow from the ventricles to the pulmonary
artery or aorta.
Q7: What are the names and functions of the atrioventricular valves?
A7:
,Tricuspid valve: Has three cusps and is located between the right atrium (RA) and
right ventricle (RV).
Mitral (Bicuspid) valve: Has two leaflets and is located between the left atrium
(LA) and left ventricle (LV).
Q8: What are the names and functions of the semilunar valves?
A8:
Pulmonic valve: Allows blood to flow from the right ventricle (RV) into the
pulmonary artery (PA); when open, the AV valve is closed.
Aortic valve: Allows blood to flow from the left ventricle (LV) into the aorta.
Atrial Kick
Q9: What is the "atrial kick"?
A9: The atrial kick is the contraction of the left atrium during systole, which
increases the amount of blood entering the left ventricle at the end of diastole,
improving cardiac output.
Coronary Arteries
Q10: What is the origin and function of the right coronary artery (RCA)?
, A10: The right coronary artery arises from an opening (ostium) behind the aortic
cusp and travels behind the pulmonary artery. It supplies blood to the right side of
the heart and posterior heart surface.
Q11: What are the three main branches of the right coronary artery, and what do
they supply?
A11:
Conus branch: Supplies blood to the right ventricle.
Right marginal branch: Runs across the right ventricle to the apex.
Posterior descending artery (PDA): Lies in the posterior interventricular sulcus and
supplies both ventricles with smaller branches.
Q12: What are the two main branches of the left coronary artery (LCA)?
A12:
Left anterior descending artery (LAD): Supplies blood to the left atrium, right
ventricle, and most of the interventricular septum.
Circumflex artery (CX): Supplies blood to the left atrium and lateral wall of the
left ventricle, sometimes extending to the posterior heart surface.
Frank-Starling Law
CORRECT ANSWERS!!
Q1: What is the pericardium?
A1: The pericardium is a double-walled membranous sac that surrounds and
protects the heart, enclosing the epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium.
Q2: What are the three main functions of the pericardium?
A2:
Prevents displacement of the heart during changes in body movement such as
acceleration or deceleration.
Acts as a protective barrier, preventing infections and inflammation from spreading
to the heart from nearby organs such as the lungs.
Contains pain and stretch receptors that help regulate heart rate and blood pressure
reflexes.
Q3: What are the two layers of the pericardium?
A3:
Parietal layer – the outer layer made of mesothelium and connective tissue.
Visceral layer (Epicardium) – the inner layer directly covering the heart.
,Q4: What lies between the two layers of the pericardium?
A4: The pericardial cavity, which contains about 20 mL of pericardial fluid that
reduces friction during heart movement.
Heart Valves
Q5: What causes the heart valves to open and close?
A5: The valves open and close in response to pressure differences between the
heart chambers.
Q6: What are the two main types of heart valves?
A6:
Atrioventricular (AV) valves – allow one-way blood flow from the atria to the
ventricles.
Semilunar valves – allow one-way blood flow from the ventricles to the pulmonary
artery or aorta.
Q7: What are the names and functions of the atrioventricular valves?
A7:
,Tricuspid valve: Has three cusps and is located between the right atrium (RA) and
right ventricle (RV).
Mitral (Bicuspid) valve: Has two leaflets and is located between the left atrium
(LA) and left ventricle (LV).
Q8: What are the names and functions of the semilunar valves?
A8:
Pulmonic valve: Allows blood to flow from the right ventricle (RV) into the
pulmonary artery (PA); when open, the AV valve is closed.
Aortic valve: Allows blood to flow from the left ventricle (LV) into the aorta.
Atrial Kick
Q9: What is the "atrial kick"?
A9: The atrial kick is the contraction of the left atrium during systole, which
increases the amount of blood entering the left ventricle at the end of diastole,
improving cardiac output.
Coronary Arteries
Q10: What is the origin and function of the right coronary artery (RCA)?
, A10: The right coronary artery arises from an opening (ostium) behind the aortic
cusp and travels behind the pulmonary artery. It supplies blood to the right side of
the heart and posterior heart surface.
Q11: What are the three main branches of the right coronary artery, and what do
they supply?
A11:
Conus branch: Supplies blood to the right ventricle.
Right marginal branch: Runs across the right ventricle to the apex.
Posterior descending artery (PDA): Lies in the posterior interventricular sulcus and
supplies both ventricles with smaller branches.
Q12: What are the two main branches of the left coronary artery (LCA)?
A12:
Left anterior descending artery (LAD): Supplies blood to the left atrium, right
ventricle, and most of the interventricular septum.
Circumflex artery (CX): Supplies blood to the left atrium and lateral wall of the
left ventricle, sometimes extending to the posterior heart surface.
Frank-Starling Law
