Science Biology Neuroscience
ASU BIO 331 EXAM 3 2025 COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES
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The study of the nervous system of living things and how it helps the living things
Neurobiology
learn and react
Instinctive behavior An innate, unlearned behavior pattern exhibited by all members of a species
Fixed-action pattern A sequence of unlearned acts directly linked to a simple stimulus
Sign stimulus External sensory stimulus that triggers a fixed action pattern.
many neuronal components that wrap in detection of the stimulus, internal
processing of the stimulus, and appropriate responsiveness to the stimulus. First,
sensory neurons receive and decode the information from the environment. This
Innate releasing mechanism neural information (an "action potential") is now transmitted along axons and through
dendrites to relay neurons (or interneurons) in dedicated portions of the brain or
spinal cord, which then redirect the information via motor neurons back out to the
body (i.e. innervating muscle tissue) for proper skeletomuscular response
Sensory neurons Neurons that receive and decode information from the environment
Action potential Neural information transmitted along axons and through dendrites
Neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the
Motor neurons
muscles and glands
Peak stimulus in response to potential threat- a backup (redundant) system of
Redundancy
detection and emergency response
Specialization Tuning in, with special sensitivity, to particular elements of a stimulus
A signal that is noticeable compared to the surrounding stimuli (ex a beeping alarm
Salience
is more noticeable and you will hear it even with the background noise of a fan/ac)
Irrelevant stimuli that your nervous system has tuned out (ex: the feeling of your
Neural acclimation
clothes on your skin)
neural circuitry that is responsible for generating the rhythmic pattern of a behavior
Central pattern generator
such as walking
, the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and
Circadian rhythm
wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle
A gene that codes for a protein called ZENK, expressed when a bird hears the songs
ZENK of its own species. ZENK protein is a transcription factor. Because of the genes it
regulates, ZENK influences how one nerve cell communicates with the others
Syrinx the sound-producing structure of birds that is analogous to the larynx in humans
high vocal center nucleus- a dense collection of neurons in birds- connects to RA,
HVC
communicates with nXIlts to exert control over singing behavior
connects to syrinx, part of the control center for singing behavior.
nXIIts
the tracheosyringeal portion of the twelfth cranial nerve
Lateral Magnocellular nucleus of the Anterior Nidopallium
LMAN brain nuclei essential for song learning (rather than production)
Projects to area X
Robust nucleus of the Arcopallium
connects the HVC to the nXIIts, connects to the syrinx
RA Destruction of the pathway between RA and nXIIts has devastating effects on a bird's
ability to sing
larger in males than females in species where males sing and females don't
Area X Another nucleus in the bird forebrain that is important for song learning
Chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are
produced in one tissue and affect another
Hormones
"molecules circulated within the body that ultimately act within a particular tissue in
the body to regulate various processes within the animal including behavior"
ability to perform an action when the dominant/natural response would be inhibition.
Activational control
Immediate input/control
Organizational control according to the developmental arrangement of the system
cholesterol derived hormones, longer half life, slow acting, can affect gene
Steroid hormones expression, lipid soluble. sex steroids (testosterone/estrogen), glucocorticoids
(corticosterone/cortisol)
Sex steroid any of the steroid hormones that are active in sexual and reproductive processes
A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that regulates salt and water
Mineralocorticoid
homeostasis. Aldosterone is the primary mineralocorticoid
steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; regulates glucose, fat, and protein
Glucocorticoid
metabolism, help regulate stress (ex corticosterone/cortisol)
-steroid hormone
-secreted within adrenal cortex
-response to decreased blood volume
Aldosterone
-increases Na+ absorption= increased H2O absorption
-increases K+ excretion
primary mineralocorticoid
a steroid hormone secreted by the testicles and the adrenal cortex to stimulate the
Testosterone
development of male secondary sex characteristics
steroid hormone that is found in greater quantities in women than men and
contributes to female sexual characteristics and development
the other primary sex steroid that modulates mating, and interestingly it can play
Estrogen
important roles in both sexes as well and can be synthesized (with proper enzyme
activity) from testosterone! In female rhesus monkeys, estrogen fosters the
sequences of behaviors that females exhibit with increasing interest in a male partner
ASU BIO 331 EXAM 3 2025 COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES
Save
Students also studied
Neuroscience, Neurodiversity, and L... ABPN Board Review COGSCI 115 MIDTERM BSCI35
Teacher 76 terms Teacher 104 terms Teacher 109 terms Teacher
muiajnr8 Preview bigwigshiks Preview Lilysammy Preview max
The study of the nervous system of living things and how it helps the living things
Neurobiology
learn and react
Instinctive behavior An innate, unlearned behavior pattern exhibited by all members of a species
Fixed-action pattern A sequence of unlearned acts directly linked to a simple stimulus
Sign stimulus External sensory stimulus that triggers a fixed action pattern.
many neuronal components that wrap in detection of the stimulus, internal
processing of the stimulus, and appropriate responsiveness to the stimulus. First,
sensory neurons receive and decode the information from the environment. This
Innate releasing mechanism neural information (an "action potential") is now transmitted along axons and through
dendrites to relay neurons (or interneurons) in dedicated portions of the brain or
spinal cord, which then redirect the information via motor neurons back out to the
body (i.e. innervating muscle tissue) for proper skeletomuscular response
Sensory neurons Neurons that receive and decode information from the environment
Action potential Neural information transmitted along axons and through dendrites
Neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the
Motor neurons
muscles and glands
Peak stimulus in response to potential threat- a backup (redundant) system of
Redundancy
detection and emergency response
Specialization Tuning in, with special sensitivity, to particular elements of a stimulus
A signal that is noticeable compared to the surrounding stimuli (ex a beeping alarm
Salience
is more noticeable and you will hear it even with the background noise of a fan/ac)
Irrelevant stimuli that your nervous system has tuned out (ex: the feeling of your
Neural acclimation
clothes on your skin)
neural circuitry that is responsible for generating the rhythmic pattern of a behavior
Central pattern generator
such as walking
, the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and
Circadian rhythm
wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle
A gene that codes for a protein called ZENK, expressed when a bird hears the songs
ZENK of its own species. ZENK protein is a transcription factor. Because of the genes it
regulates, ZENK influences how one nerve cell communicates with the others
Syrinx the sound-producing structure of birds that is analogous to the larynx in humans
high vocal center nucleus- a dense collection of neurons in birds- connects to RA,
HVC
communicates with nXIlts to exert control over singing behavior
connects to syrinx, part of the control center for singing behavior.
nXIIts
the tracheosyringeal portion of the twelfth cranial nerve
Lateral Magnocellular nucleus of the Anterior Nidopallium
LMAN brain nuclei essential for song learning (rather than production)
Projects to area X
Robust nucleus of the Arcopallium
connects the HVC to the nXIIts, connects to the syrinx
RA Destruction of the pathway between RA and nXIIts has devastating effects on a bird's
ability to sing
larger in males than females in species where males sing and females don't
Area X Another nucleus in the bird forebrain that is important for song learning
Chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are
produced in one tissue and affect another
Hormones
"molecules circulated within the body that ultimately act within a particular tissue in
the body to regulate various processes within the animal including behavior"
ability to perform an action when the dominant/natural response would be inhibition.
Activational control
Immediate input/control
Organizational control according to the developmental arrangement of the system
cholesterol derived hormones, longer half life, slow acting, can affect gene
Steroid hormones expression, lipid soluble. sex steroids (testosterone/estrogen), glucocorticoids
(corticosterone/cortisol)
Sex steroid any of the steroid hormones that are active in sexual and reproductive processes
A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that regulates salt and water
Mineralocorticoid
homeostasis. Aldosterone is the primary mineralocorticoid
steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; regulates glucose, fat, and protein
Glucocorticoid
metabolism, help regulate stress (ex corticosterone/cortisol)
-steroid hormone
-secreted within adrenal cortex
-response to decreased blood volume
Aldosterone
-increases Na+ absorption= increased H2O absorption
-increases K+ excretion
primary mineralocorticoid
a steroid hormone secreted by the testicles and the adrenal cortex to stimulate the
Testosterone
development of male secondary sex characteristics
steroid hormone that is found in greater quantities in women than men and
contributes to female sexual characteristics and development
the other primary sex steroid that modulates mating, and interestingly it can play
Estrogen
important roles in both sexes as well and can be synthesized (with proper enzyme
activity) from testosterone! In female rhesus monkeys, estrogen fosters the
sequences of behaviors that females exhibit with increasing interest in a male partner
