BIO 545 EXAM I WITH 100% CORRECT
SOLUTIONS
Character definition - ANSWER-looking for a common trait
How do plants store carbohydrates - ANSWER-in chloroplasts in the form of starch
what are the chlorophylls of plants - ANSWER-a and b
how many membranes does a chloroplast have - ANSWER-double membrane
why are character definitions helpful - ANSWER-fossil record; observable
what are the limitations of character defnitions - ANSWER-can't tell if homology or
convergent evolution; open to interpretation; character loss is common
phylogeny - ANSWER-evolutionary history of an organism or group of organisms
plastid - ANSWER-a photosynthetic or storage organelle
what kind of endosymbiosis do plants have? - ANSWER-primary
taxonomy - ANSWER-science of discovering, describing, naming and classifying
organisms
what are the three plant classification systems? - ANSWER-Englerian
Cronquist
APG
In which book did Linneaus name plants and animals - ANSWER-Species Plantarum
(1753)
Systema Naturae (1735)
phylum suffix - ANSWER-phyta
class suffix - ANSWER-phyceae; opsida
order suffix - ANSWER-ales
family suffix - ANSWER-aceae
,subfamily suffix - ANSWER-oideae
Genus's are always - ANSWER-nouns and upper case
specific epithets are always - ANSWER-adjectives and lower case
2 precursors to phylogenetic trees and who made them - ANSWER-cactus diagram
(Bessey)
bubble diagram (stebbins)
How wer phylogenetic trees orignally done? - ANSWER-similarity matricies
clade; monophyletic; natural group - ANSWER-single common ancestors; a group that
includes common ancestor and all daughter lineages
paraphlyetic - ANSWER-group that includes a common ancestor and some, but not all,
daughter lineages
polyphyletic - ANSWER-group whose members last common ancestor is not part of the
group
sister group - ANSWER-a group that is closely related, but outside of a focal clade
character - ANSWER-a trait you can observe and measure
a version of a characeter - ANSWER-character state
plesiomorphic - ANSWER-ancestral character state; present in the common ancestor
apomorphic - ANSWER-derivied character state; NOT present in ancestor; underwent a
transition
synapomorphy - ANSWER-if taxa share an apomorphy
autapomorphy - ANSWER-if only one taxa has an apomorphy
grades - ANSWER-a group of taxa united by a character smiliarity but do not
necessarily form a monophlyetic group
basal taxa - ANSWER-taxa that diverage from a group before the origin of a particular
clade that is typically larger with derived, diagnostic characters
Geologic principles - ANSWER-1. Sedimentary rocks are laid down horizontally
2. Younger rocks are laid atop older rocks
3. Gelogical processes are uniform through time
, Heirarchacal devisions - ANSWER-eons
eras
periods
epochs
ages
Gelogic time Scale - ANSWER-Precambrion Eons:
-Hadean
-Archeon
-Proterozoic
Phanerozoic Eon
Hadeon Eon - ANSWER-formation of earth 4.6 bya to 4 bya
cooling of earth took place
Archeaon Eon - ANSWER-4 bya to 2.5 bya
atomospher of methane, ammonia, and toxic gases
life appears (3.5 bya)
proterozoic eon - ANSWER-2.5 bya to 542 mya
build up of O2
origin of multicellularity
phanerozoic eon - ANSWER-542 mya to present
age of visible light
Phanerozoic eon is broken into 3 eras - ANSWER-paleozoic (ancient life)
mesozoic (middle life)
cenozoic (recent life)
cenozoic era is broken into two periods - ANSWER-neogene
paleogene
mesozoic era is broken into 3 periods - ANSWER-cretaceous
jurassic
triassic
paleozoid era is broken into 6 eras - ANSWER-permian
carboniferous
devonian
silurian
ordovician
cambrian
5 types of fossils - ANSWER-1. compression
2. impression
SOLUTIONS
Character definition - ANSWER-looking for a common trait
How do plants store carbohydrates - ANSWER-in chloroplasts in the form of starch
what are the chlorophylls of plants - ANSWER-a and b
how many membranes does a chloroplast have - ANSWER-double membrane
why are character definitions helpful - ANSWER-fossil record; observable
what are the limitations of character defnitions - ANSWER-can't tell if homology or
convergent evolution; open to interpretation; character loss is common
phylogeny - ANSWER-evolutionary history of an organism or group of organisms
plastid - ANSWER-a photosynthetic or storage organelle
what kind of endosymbiosis do plants have? - ANSWER-primary
taxonomy - ANSWER-science of discovering, describing, naming and classifying
organisms
what are the three plant classification systems? - ANSWER-Englerian
Cronquist
APG
In which book did Linneaus name plants and animals - ANSWER-Species Plantarum
(1753)
Systema Naturae (1735)
phylum suffix - ANSWER-phyta
class suffix - ANSWER-phyceae; opsida
order suffix - ANSWER-ales
family suffix - ANSWER-aceae
,subfamily suffix - ANSWER-oideae
Genus's are always - ANSWER-nouns and upper case
specific epithets are always - ANSWER-adjectives and lower case
2 precursors to phylogenetic trees and who made them - ANSWER-cactus diagram
(Bessey)
bubble diagram (stebbins)
How wer phylogenetic trees orignally done? - ANSWER-similarity matricies
clade; monophyletic; natural group - ANSWER-single common ancestors; a group that
includes common ancestor and all daughter lineages
paraphlyetic - ANSWER-group that includes a common ancestor and some, but not all,
daughter lineages
polyphyletic - ANSWER-group whose members last common ancestor is not part of the
group
sister group - ANSWER-a group that is closely related, but outside of a focal clade
character - ANSWER-a trait you can observe and measure
a version of a characeter - ANSWER-character state
plesiomorphic - ANSWER-ancestral character state; present in the common ancestor
apomorphic - ANSWER-derivied character state; NOT present in ancestor; underwent a
transition
synapomorphy - ANSWER-if taxa share an apomorphy
autapomorphy - ANSWER-if only one taxa has an apomorphy
grades - ANSWER-a group of taxa united by a character smiliarity but do not
necessarily form a monophlyetic group
basal taxa - ANSWER-taxa that diverage from a group before the origin of a particular
clade that is typically larger with derived, diagnostic characters
Geologic principles - ANSWER-1. Sedimentary rocks are laid down horizontally
2. Younger rocks are laid atop older rocks
3. Gelogical processes are uniform through time
, Heirarchacal devisions - ANSWER-eons
eras
periods
epochs
ages
Gelogic time Scale - ANSWER-Precambrion Eons:
-Hadean
-Archeon
-Proterozoic
Phanerozoic Eon
Hadeon Eon - ANSWER-formation of earth 4.6 bya to 4 bya
cooling of earth took place
Archeaon Eon - ANSWER-4 bya to 2.5 bya
atomospher of methane, ammonia, and toxic gases
life appears (3.5 bya)
proterozoic eon - ANSWER-2.5 bya to 542 mya
build up of O2
origin of multicellularity
phanerozoic eon - ANSWER-542 mya to present
age of visible light
Phanerozoic eon is broken into 3 eras - ANSWER-paleozoic (ancient life)
mesozoic (middle life)
cenozoic (recent life)
cenozoic era is broken into two periods - ANSWER-neogene
paleogene
mesozoic era is broken into 3 periods - ANSWER-cretaceous
jurassic
triassic
paleozoid era is broken into 6 eras - ANSWER-permian
carboniferous
devonian
silurian
ordovician
cambrian
5 types of fossils - ANSWER-1. compression
2. impression
