NBME BIOCHEMISTRY SHELF MICROBIOLOGY PRACTICE EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS | ALREADY GRADED A+RECENT VERSION

NBME BIOCHEMISTRY SHELF MICROBIOLOGY PRACTICE EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS | ALREADY GRADED A+RECENT VERSION 1) What neurotransmitter stimulates release of epinephrine from adrenal medulla? - ANSWER acetylcholine 2) What is a major neurotransmitter amino acid? - ANSWER Glu 3) HA protein of influenza binds to - ANSWER cytokine receptors 4) What is omeprazole? - ANSWER proton pump ib 5) What type of reaction is glucuronidation? - ANSWER oxidation 6) In Marfan's syndrome, what part of fibrillin's protein structure is affected? - ANSWER primary structure 7) What are the symptoms of Huntington's disease? - ANSWER anxiety, slurring of speech, difficulty focusing or concentrating; caused by triple repeat expansion 8) What is Chediak-Higashi syndrome? - ANSWER phagocyte deficiency - hypergammaglobulinemia, significant neutropenia, 9) In exposure to carbon monoxide or cyanide, which way does the ox sat curve shift? - ANSWER to the L; increased affinity at low pO_2 10) What is pralidoxime chloride? - ANSWER reactivate acetylcholinesterase 11) What is the function of lactase? - ANSWER beta(1-4) galactosidase; cleaves Gal from Glu 12) How is fructose absorbed? - ANSWER via sodium-independent transporter 13) What sugar enzymes are found on the intestinal brush border? - ANSWER sucrase, lactase, maltase 14) Orlistat - ANSWER ib pancreatic and gastric lipase; leads to reduced fat digestion 15) arsenic - ANSWER pyruvate dehydrogenase ib; smell of garlic 16) Which GLUT is insulin-dependent? - ANSWER GLUT4; found in muscle & adipose 17) What is the role of F2,6BP? - ANSWER role player for insulin; increases glycolysis for FA synth and glycogen synthesis 18) What is significant about glucokinase? - ANSWER K _m is above fasting concentration, V_ max is very high 19) What promotes lactate buildup? - ANSWER ^ NADH/NAD+ 20) Where does lactate build up? - ANSWER eyes, testes, RBC's 21) What is the rate-limiting step of glycolysis? - ANSWER PFK, allosterically activated by F2,6BP 22) Def in pyr kinase leads to... - ANSWER 2,3BPG, G6P elevation due to ^ PEP 23) What steroid can be used to treat beta-blocker overdose? - ANSWER glucagon 24) Which form of aldolase is liver-specific? - ANSWER B 25) triose phosphate isomerase - ANSWER G3P - DHAP; DHAP - component of glycerol phosphate shuttle 26) What TCA step makes FADH? - ANSWER succinate dehydrogenase 27) What is the only membrane-bound enzyme in TCA? - ANSWER succinate dehydrogenase 28) What characterizes succinate? - ANSWER dicarboxylic acid 29) pyruvate carboxylase - ANSWER pyr - OAA; requires biotin 30) Rotenone - ANSWER inhibits complex I of ETC 31) Polio (infantile paralysis) - ANSWER infectious disease spread through face matter that causes muscle weakness and degeneration of neurons in the ANTERIOR HORN 32) myasthenia gravis - ANSWER muscle weakness/FATIGUE caused by antibodies against Ach receptors; treat with Ache inhibitors 33) Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome - ANSWER muscle weakness of limbs caused by immune reaction against presynaptic VG CALCIUM CHANNELS that inhibit Ach release 34) tabes dorsalis - ANSWER slow degeneration of cells in the posterior horn of the spinal cord; caused by SYPHILIS INFECTION 35) Freiderich's Ataxia - ANSWER autoimmune recessive inherited disease that attacks the posterior and lateral columns of the spinal cord, including posterior and anterior spinocerebellar tracts; LOSS OF COORDINATION 36) Sleep myoclonus - ANSWER *Twitching of muscles* during sleep EX: baby not paralyzed during REM, looks like seizure but not b/c baby asleep 37) Syndeham's chorea - ANSWER Irregular movements of the extremities and facial grimacing; caused by RHEUMATIC FEVER; more often presents in females 38) Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease - ANSWER prion disease of the CNS causing rapid dementia and myoclonic jerks; pathology shows SPONGE-LIKE CNS cells 39) subacute combined degeneration - ANSWER B12 neuropathy causes degeneration of posterior columns, corticospinal tracts, and spinocerebellar tracts 40) Schizophrenia - ANSWER increased production of dopamine; involves mesolimbic reward pathways through VTA 41) sleep bruxism - ANSWER grinding of teeth during sleep 42) restless legs syndrome - ANSWER involuntary movement of an extremity, usually one leg; likely caused by dopamine pathway disruptions through the basal ganglia 43) tardive dyskinesia - ANSWER involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS that target certain dopamine receptors 44) herpes zoster - ANSWER acute inflammation of the posterior spinal root from T5-T10 causing pain, itching, and burning sensations in the affected dermatome area 45) carpal tunnel syndrome - ANSWER A condition caused by compression of the MEDIAN NERVE in the carpal tunnel and characterized especially by weakness, pain, and disturbances of sensation in the hand and fingers 46) filum terminal syndrome - ANSWER AKA tethered spinal cord; results from thick, short spinal cord; weakness and sensory deficits in the lower extremity and neurogenic bladder 47) Wilson's disease (hepatolenticular degeneration) - ANSWER autosomal recessive deficit in the metabolism of COPPER; presents with CORNEAL Kayser-Fleischer RING, chorea, tremor, rigidity, and athetotic movements; lesions occur in LIVER and LENTIFORM nucleus 48) cerebral white matter petechiae - ANSWER Bone fractures lead to bone marrow fat cells being released into venous sinusoids after trauma. They can travel through the venous system and enter the arterial system to rupture capillaries in the cerebral white matter causing petechiae. 49) glioblastoma multiforme - ANSWER malignant brain tumor of immature ASTROBLAST cells; fast growing; most common form 50) Parinaud's syndrome - ANSWER pineal tumor causes VERTICAL GAZE PARALYSIS due to compression of rostral midbrain superior colliculus and underlying accessory oculomotor nuclei 51) 1 1/2 syndrome - ANSWER damage to abducens nucleus and MLF in caudal pons 52) trigeminal neuralgia - ANSWER characterized by severe lightning-like pain due to an inflammation of the fifth cranial nerve caused by SCA 53) pterion - ANSWER Junction of frontal, parietal, sphenoid, and temporal bones