COUC 504 Exam with verified detailed solutions ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Social Justice Counseling - correct answer✔✔refers to counseling that recognizes the
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
impact of oppression, privilege, and discrimination on the mental health of individuals
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
social injustice - correct answer✔✔refers to the unequal distribution of rewards and
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
burdens.
oppression - correct answer✔✔is pervasive and exists across multiple groups (e.g., people of ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
color, people of lower socioeconomic status or social class, gay men, people with
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
disabilities) and at varying levels (e.g., individual, institutional, cultural). Oppression can be ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
said to have two modalities (i.e., oppression by force and oppression by deprivation) and be
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
of three types (i.e., primary, secondary, and tertiary)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
*result of oppression is imbalance of power ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
oppression by force - correct answer✔✔involves the act of imposing, on an individual or a ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
group, an object, a label, a role, an experience, or a living condition that is unwanted and
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
that causes physical or psychological pain. Examples directed at individuals or marginalized
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
groups include sexual assault, negative media images of minority groups, kidnapping (of
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
either an individual or members of a marginalized group), and physical violence toward an
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
individual or a group of individuals. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
oppression by deprivation - correct answer✔✔includes the act of depriving an individual or ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
a group of an object, a label, a role, an experience, or a living condition that hinders
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
physical and psychological well-being. Examples include neglecting individuals and ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
withholding job promotions from them because of their minority status, denying certain ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
groups a rich educational experience on the basis of their skin color or socioeconomic sta-
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
tus, making it difficult to find affordable transportation from home to a place of
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
employment, and making it practically impossible to find safe, affordable housing ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
,primary oppression - correct answer✔✔consists of overt acts representing either of the two
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
modalities of oppression (i.e., oppression by force, oppression by deprivation) ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
secondary oppression - correct answer✔✔involves individuals benefiting from overt ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
oppressive acts against others. Although individu-als involved in secondary oppression do ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
not actively engage in oppressive acts, they do not object to others who do engage in overt
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
oppressive acts and do benefit from the oppression ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
tertiary oppression (internalized oppression) - correct answer✔✔refers to the identification
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
of the dominant message by members of the minority group, often to seek acceptance by
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
the dominant group. Like secondary oppression, tertiary oppression can be passive in
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
nature
structure violence (institutional oppression) - correct answer✔✔results when social, ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
political, economic, and other institutional entities and processes intentionally or ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
unintentionally erect barriers to development, wellness, dignity, and human potential. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Structural violence can be overt, although it is often covert, making it harder to detect. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
ex. providing insufficient funding to inner-city and rural schools, limiting access to healthy
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
and affordable food, accepting high unemployment rates for certain minority groups,
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
limiting access to quality health care and preventative care, and making it difficult to find
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
affordable transportation. ||\\//||
privilege - correct answer✔✔made up of several components, such as having power, access, ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
or unearned advantage, and holding a majority status
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
*oppression and privilege are inversely related ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
empowerment - correct answer✔✔the process by which people, organizations, or groups ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
who are powerless and mar-ginalized (a) become aware of the power dynamics at work in
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
their life context, (b) develop the skills and capacity for gaining reasonable control over
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
, their lives, (c) which they exercise, (d) without infringing on the rights of others, and (e)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
which coin-cides with actively supporting the empowerment of others in their community.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
*goal of social justice counseling involves empowering disenfranchised groups
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
resilience - correct answer✔✔the set of behaviors and attitudes that clients identify as ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
beneficial in coping with stressful situations and adversity ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Milestones - correct answer✔✔1. 1971. Counseling and the Social Revolution. a special ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
issue of the Personnel and Guidance Journal (currently known as the Journal of Counseling
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
& Development) is published. The publication encourages counselors to actively engage in
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
the social change process and address issues related to racism, sexism, destruction of the
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
environment, and ending warfare. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
2. 1987. the American Association for Counseling and Development (currently the
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
American Counseling Association [ACA]) publishes a position paper on human rights that ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
urges counselors to advocate for social change through personal, professional, and political
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
activities.
3. 1992: Sue et al. (1992) publish the multicultural counseling competencies and standards.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
4. 1998: Social Action: A Mandate for Counselors, edited by Courtland Lee and Garry Walz,
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
is published.
||\\//||
5. 1999: A special issue of the Journal of Counseling & Development, a publication edited
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
by Tracy L. Robinson and Earl J. Ginter, is dedicated to racism.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
6. 2003: ACA endorses the Advocacy Competencies developed by Lewis, Arnold, House,
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
and Toporek (2003). ||\\//|| ||\\//||
7. 2005: The revised ACA Code of Ethics places an increased emphasis on multiculturalism
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
and social justice issues in counseling. In particular, the new standard E.5.c. directs
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
counselors to "recognize historical and social prejudices in the misdiagnosis and pathol- ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
ogizing of certain individuals and groups and the role of mental health professionals in ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
perpetuating these prejudices through diagnosis and treatment." ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Social Justice Counseling - correct answer✔✔refers to counseling that recognizes the
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
impact of oppression, privilege, and discrimination on the mental health of individuals
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
social injustice - correct answer✔✔refers to the unequal distribution of rewards and
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
burdens.
oppression - correct answer✔✔is pervasive and exists across multiple groups (e.g., people of ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
color, people of lower socioeconomic status or social class, gay men, people with
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
disabilities) and at varying levels (e.g., individual, institutional, cultural). Oppression can be ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
said to have two modalities (i.e., oppression by force and oppression by deprivation) and be
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
of three types (i.e., primary, secondary, and tertiary)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
*result of oppression is imbalance of power ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
oppression by force - correct answer✔✔involves the act of imposing, on an individual or a ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
group, an object, a label, a role, an experience, or a living condition that is unwanted and
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
that causes physical or psychological pain. Examples directed at individuals or marginalized
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
groups include sexual assault, negative media images of minority groups, kidnapping (of
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
either an individual or members of a marginalized group), and physical violence toward an
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
individual or a group of individuals. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
oppression by deprivation - correct answer✔✔includes the act of depriving an individual or ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
a group of an object, a label, a role, an experience, or a living condition that hinders
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
physical and psychological well-being. Examples include neglecting individuals and ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
withholding job promotions from them because of their minority status, denying certain ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
groups a rich educational experience on the basis of their skin color or socioeconomic sta-
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
tus, making it difficult to find affordable transportation from home to a place of
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
employment, and making it practically impossible to find safe, affordable housing ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
,primary oppression - correct answer✔✔consists of overt acts representing either of the two
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
modalities of oppression (i.e., oppression by force, oppression by deprivation) ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
secondary oppression - correct answer✔✔involves individuals benefiting from overt ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
oppressive acts against others. Although individu-als involved in secondary oppression do ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
not actively engage in oppressive acts, they do not object to others who do engage in overt
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
oppressive acts and do benefit from the oppression ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
tertiary oppression (internalized oppression) - correct answer✔✔refers to the identification
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
of the dominant message by members of the minority group, often to seek acceptance by
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
the dominant group. Like secondary oppression, tertiary oppression can be passive in
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
nature
structure violence (institutional oppression) - correct answer✔✔results when social, ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
political, economic, and other institutional entities and processes intentionally or ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
unintentionally erect barriers to development, wellness, dignity, and human potential. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Structural violence can be overt, although it is often covert, making it harder to detect. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
ex. providing insufficient funding to inner-city and rural schools, limiting access to healthy
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
and affordable food, accepting high unemployment rates for certain minority groups,
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
limiting access to quality health care and preventative care, and making it difficult to find
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
affordable transportation. ||\\//||
privilege - correct answer✔✔made up of several components, such as having power, access, ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
or unearned advantage, and holding a majority status
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
*oppression and privilege are inversely related ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
empowerment - correct answer✔✔the process by which people, organizations, or groups ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
who are powerless and mar-ginalized (a) become aware of the power dynamics at work in
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
their life context, (b) develop the skills and capacity for gaining reasonable control over
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
, their lives, (c) which they exercise, (d) without infringing on the rights of others, and (e)
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
which coin-cides with actively supporting the empowerment of others in their community.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
*goal of social justice counseling involves empowering disenfranchised groups
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
resilience - correct answer✔✔the set of behaviors and attitudes that clients identify as ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
beneficial in coping with stressful situations and adversity ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Milestones - correct answer✔✔1. 1971. Counseling and the Social Revolution. a special ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
issue of the Personnel and Guidance Journal (currently known as the Journal of Counseling
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
& Development) is published. The publication encourages counselors to actively engage in
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
the social change process and address issues related to racism, sexism, destruction of the
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
environment, and ending warfare. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
2. 1987. the American Association for Counseling and Development (currently the
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
American Counseling Association [ACA]) publishes a position paper on human rights that ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
urges counselors to advocate for social change through personal, professional, and political
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activities.
3. 1992: Sue et al. (1992) publish the multicultural counseling competencies and standards.
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4. 1998: Social Action: A Mandate for Counselors, edited by Courtland Lee and Garry Walz,
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is published.
||\\//||
5. 1999: A special issue of the Journal of Counseling & Development, a publication edited
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
by Tracy L. Robinson and Earl J. Ginter, is dedicated to racism.
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6. 2003: ACA endorses the Advocacy Competencies developed by Lewis, Arnold, House,
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and Toporek (2003). ||\\//|| ||\\//||
7. 2005: The revised ACA Code of Ethics places an increased emphasis on multiculturalism
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and social justice issues in counseling. In particular, the new standard E.5.c. directs
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
counselors to "recognize historical and social prejudices in the misdiagnosis and pathol- ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
ogizing of certain individuals and groups and the role of mental health professionals in ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
perpetuating these prejudices through diagnosis and treatment." ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
