NUR 641E MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE EXAM
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST
2025-2026 UPDATE
Cytochrome P450 - Answer--enzymes that function to metabolize
potentially toxic compounds, including drugs and products of
endogenous metabolism such as bilirubin, principally in the liver.
-genetics influence presence of enzymes
-affects metabolism of warfarin, antidepressants, antiepileptics, and
statins.
-the levels of these drugs are higher when taken with certain drugs that
are inhibitors (ex. warfarin with omeprazole) because there is
competition for enzyme metabolism.
-inducers lead to decreased plasma concentration of drug.
cytochrome p450 inducer - Answer-An inducer increases the
metabolism of a substrate resulting in a decreased level or effect of the
substrate
, cytochrome p450 inhibitor - Answer-An inhibitor decreases the
metabolism of a substrate resulting in an increased level or effect of the
substrate.
Clopidogrel - Answer-prodrug that must be activated by hepatic
CYP2C19 metabolism; individuals who are poor metabolizers may not
form the active metabolite and have reduced antiplatelet response
Prodrug - Answer-An inactive drug dosage form that is converted to an
active metabolite by various biochemical reactions once it is inside the
body.
-Cytochrome P450
-Ex. Aspirin, psilocybin, heroin
Bioavailability - Answer-the rate at and the extent to which a nutrient is
absorbed and used
-Affected by route of administration and drug dosage
-Drug clearance (rate drug leaves circulation)
-Steady state concentration
-Affected by chemical stability, solubility, and first pass
Steady state (of a drug) - Answer-stable level of drug in the body,
occurs in 5 half lives of the drug
-rate of drug being added to system is equal to amount being eliminated
from system
, Pharmacokinetics - Answer-The process by which drugs are absorbed,
distributed within the body, metabolized, and excreted.
-what the body does to the drug
First pass - Answer-the fact that a medication in the GI tract passes
through the liver before entering other organs
does not - Answer-bioequivalence does/does not affect bioavailability
Bioequivalence - Answer-relative therapeutic effectiveness of
chemically equivalent drugs.
Bioavailability (is affected by) - Answer--chemical instability
-solubility
-first pass metabolism
half-life (determines) - Answer-how often a drug is administered
4-5 - Answer-steady state is reached in _-_ times the half-life
Warfarin (MOA) - Answer--Vitamin K antagonist
-Factors II, VII, IX, X
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST
2025-2026 UPDATE
Cytochrome P450 - Answer--enzymes that function to metabolize
potentially toxic compounds, including drugs and products of
endogenous metabolism such as bilirubin, principally in the liver.
-genetics influence presence of enzymes
-affects metabolism of warfarin, antidepressants, antiepileptics, and
statins.
-the levels of these drugs are higher when taken with certain drugs that
are inhibitors (ex. warfarin with omeprazole) because there is
competition for enzyme metabolism.
-inducers lead to decreased plasma concentration of drug.
cytochrome p450 inducer - Answer-An inducer increases the
metabolism of a substrate resulting in a decreased level or effect of the
substrate
, cytochrome p450 inhibitor - Answer-An inhibitor decreases the
metabolism of a substrate resulting in an increased level or effect of the
substrate.
Clopidogrel - Answer-prodrug that must be activated by hepatic
CYP2C19 metabolism; individuals who are poor metabolizers may not
form the active metabolite and have reduced antiplatelet response
Prodrug - Answer-An inactive drug dosage form that is converted to an
active metabolite by various biochemical reactions once it is inside the
body.
-Cytochrome P450
-Ex. Aspirin, psilocybin, heroin
Bioavailability - Answer-the rate at and the extent to which a nutrient is
absorbed and used
-Affected by route of administration and drug dosage
-Drug clearance (rate drug leaves circulation)
-Steady state concentration
-Affected by chemical stability, solubility, and first pass
Steady state (of a drug) - Answer-stable level of drug in the body,
occurs in 5 half lives of the drug
-rate of drug being added to system is equal to amount being eliminated
from system
, Pharmacokinetics - Answer-The process by which drugs are absorbed,
distributed within the body, metabolized, and excreted.
-what the body does to the drug
First pass - Answer-the fact that a medication in the GI tract passes
through the liver before entering other organs
does not - Answer-bioequivalence does/does not affect bioavailability
Bioequivalence - Answer-relative therapeutic effectiveness of
chemically equivalent drugs.
Bioavailability (is affected by) - Answer--chemical instability
-solubility
-first pass metabolism
half-life (determines) - Answer-how often a drug is administered
4-5 - Answer-steady state is reached in _-_ times the half-life
Warfarin (MOA) - Answer--Vitamin K antagonist
-Factors II, VII, IX, X
