NUR 641E
Ace Your NUR 641E Exam: The Ultimate
Pathophysiology & Pharmacology Solution
Pack for Nurse Educators
Pharmacokinetics involves - Answer- absorption, distribution, metabolism and
elimination).
Absorption: - Answer- absorption from the administration site either directly or indirectly
into the blood/plasma.
Distribution: - Answer- reversibly or irreversibly move from the bloodstream into the
interstitial and intracellular
Metabolism: - Answer- biotransformed via hepatic metabolism or by other tissues.
Elimination: - Answer- tissues. lastly, the drug and its metabolites are eliminated from the
body.
route of administration with the highest bioavailability - Answer- intravenous; putting
entire dose into a patient's vein and bypassing absorption.
avoids first-pass metabolism - Answer- Intravenous route
administration has variable and erratic absorption. n - Answer- Rectal administration
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, NUR 641E
4. Steady state (SS) - Answer- absorption. n is usually reached within 4-5 half-lives of drug.
Half-life of a drug is - Answer- how long it takes for half the drug to be excreted from the
body. Determines how frequently the drug must be administered. Predicts how long toxic
effects can last.is constant with first-order pharmacokinetics of a drug.
Zero-order (nonlinear) pharmacokinetics - Answer- means a drug is metabolized at a
constant rate per unit time.
CYP3A4 substrate drugs - Answer- may have enhanced activity if any CYP3A4 inducer
drugs are used along with it.
Drug development process involves these steps according to the FDA: - Answer-
Discovery: laboratory research to develop the new drug. Preclinical research with animal
testing for safety (Phase I). Clinical research on human subjects for medication safety
(Phase II). Clinical research in humans comparing the new drug to accepted medications
placebo depending on the study (Phase III). FDA review of the results to determine
approval. Post marketing study to identify adverse effects not found in earlier clinical
studies (Phase IV)
2. Medication safety organizations - Answer- The Institute for Safe Medication Practices
(ISMP) The Institute of Medicine (IOM) The Joint Commission The National Coordinating
Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention (NCC MERP) Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) Safe Use Initiative
Two basic type of ADRS: - Answer- pharmacological and idiosyncratic.
85% to 90% of ADRS - Answer- are pharmacological.
Adverse drug reactions are usually preventable, - Answer- frequently occur in a hospital or
nursing home setting, and include medication errors, adverse drug effects, and allergic
idiosyncratic type reactions.
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, NUR 641E
ADRS are not commonly reported; - Answer- the FDA does not mandate that ADRS be
reported.
Polypharmacy - Answer- involves using multiple health care providers for care, using
multiple medications, and using several pharmacies prescription filling.
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIS): - Answer- lisinopril, captopril, enalapril,
ramipril, benazepril, fosinopril.
ACEIS reduce blood pressure enzyme. - Answer- by suppressing the release of angiotensin-
converting enzyme.
Important side effects of ACE inhibitors - Answer- Important include cough and
angioedema; discontinue the ACEI if angioedema occurs.
Angiotensin II receptor blocking agents (ARBS): - Answer- Icandesartan (Atacand),
eprosartan (Teveten), irbesartan (Avapro), losartan (Cozaar), telmisartan (Micardis) and
valsartan (Diovan).
ARBS reduce blood pressure - Answer- by blocking angiotensin II receptors.
Essential (primary) hypertension - Answer- Essential (primary) accounts for 90% of cases;
secondary hypertension may caused by chronic renal failure.
Nitroglycerin - Answer- Nitroglycerin is a nitrate drug that can be administered IV, SL, a
topical ointment and as a transdermal patch.
Nitrates are contraindicated - Answer- with PDE-5 inhibitors (e.g., sildenafil and vardenafil)
3|Page
Ace Your NUR 641E Exam: The Ultimate
Pathophysiology & Pharmacology Solution
Pack for Nurse Educators
Pharmacokinetics involves - Answer- absorption, distribution, metabolism and
elimination).
Absorption: - Answer- absorption from the administration site either directly or indirectly
into the blood/plasma.
Distribution: - Answer- reversibly or irreversibly move from the bloodstream into the
interstitial and intracellular
Metabolism: - Answer- biotransformed via hepatic metabolism or by other tissues.
Elimination: - Answer- tissues. lastly, the drug and its metabolites are eliminated from the
body.
route of administration with the highest bioavailability - Answer- intravenous; putting
entire dose into a patient's vein and bypassing absorption.
avoids first-pass metabolism - Answer- Intravenous route
administration has variable and erratic absorption. n - Answer- Rectal administration
1|Page
, NUR 641E
4. Steady state (SS) - Answer- absorption. n is usually reached within 4-5 half-lives of drug.
Half-life of a drug is - Answer- how long it takes for half the drug to be excreted from the
body. Determines how frequently the drug must be administered. Predicts how long toxic
effects can last.is constant with first-order pharmacokinetics of a drug.
Zero-order (nonlinear) pharmacokinetics - Answer- means a drug is metabolized at a
constant rate per unit time.
CYP3A4 substrate drugs - Answer- may have enhanced activity if any CYP3A4 inducer
drugs are used along with it.
Drug development process involves these steps according to the FDA: - Answer-
Discovery: laboratory research to develop the new drug. Preclinical research with animal
testing for safety (Phase I). Clinical research on human subjects for medication safety
(Phase II). Clinical research in humans comparing the new drug to accepted medications
placebo depending on the study (Phase III). FDA review of the results to determine
approval. Post marketing study to identify adverse effects not found in earlier clinical
studies (Phase IV)
2. Medication safety organizations - Answer- The Institute for Safe Medication Practices
(ISMP) The Institute of Medicine (IOM) The Joint Commission The National Coordinating
Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention (NCC MERP) Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) Safe Use Initiative
Two basic type of ADRS: - Answer- pharmacological and idiosyncratic.
85% to 90% of ADRS - Answer- are pharmacological.
Adverse drug reactions are usually preventable, - Answer- frequently occur in a hospital or
nursing home setting, and include medication errors, adverse drug effects, and allergic
idiosyncratic type reactions.
2|Page
, NUR 641E
ADRS are not commonly reported; - Answer- the FDA does not mandate that ADRS be
reported.
Polypharmacy - Answer- involves using multiple health care providers for care, using
multiple medications, and using several pharmacies prescription filling.
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIS): - Answer- lisinopril, captopril, enalapril,
ramipril, benazepril, fosinopril.
ACEIS reduce blood pressure enzyme. - Answer- by suppressing the release of angiotensin-
converting enzyme.
Important side effects of ACE inhibitors - Answer- Important include cough and
angioedema; discontinue the ACEI if angioedema occurs.
Angiotensin II receptor blocking agents (ARBS): - Answer- Icandesartan (Atacand),
eprosartan (Teveten), irbesartan (Avapro), losartan (Cozaar), telmisartan (Micardis) and
valsartan (Diovan).
ARBS reduce blood pressure - Answer- by blocking angiotensin II receptors.
Essential (primary) hypertension - Answer- Essential (primary) accounts for 90% of cases;
secondary hypertension may caused by chronic renal failure.
Nitroglycerin - Answer- Nitroglycerin is a nitrate drug that can be administered IV, SL, a
topical ointment and as a transdermal patch.
Nitrates are contraindicated - Answer- with PDE-5 inhibitors (e.g., sildenafil and vardenafil)
3|Page
