Bio 431 Final Exam Questions with
Complete Solutions
Steroid hormones - ANSWER-derived from cholesterol, each steroid hormone is
unique due to the presence of different chemical groups making for a large diversity
of functions
ex: estrogens, testosterone, progesterone, calcitriol
Thyroid hormones - ANSWER-T3 and T4 are synthesized by attached to iodine to
tyrosine, the two benzene rings within the molecule makes them very lipid soluble
Nitric oxide - ANSWER-both a hormone and a neurotransmitter, its synthesis is
catalyzed by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase; binds to hemoglobin and transports
CO2
Water soluble hormones - ANSWER-soluble in water, do not require transport
proteins, and need to be administered through injection because digestive enzymes
would destroy them by breaking their peptide bonds; EX: amine hormones, peptide
and protein hormones, eiconsanoid hormones
Amine hormones - ANSWER-synthesized by carboxylating and modifying amino
acids
Catecholamines - ANSWER-epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine
- are synthesized by modifying tyrosine
Histamine - ANSWER-synthesized from histidine by mast cells and platelets
Serotonin - ANSWER-derived from tryptophan
Melatonin - ANSWER-derived from tryptophan
Peptide and protein hormones - ANSWER-amino acid polymers
Peptide - ANSWER-ADH and oxytocin
Protein - ANSWER-TSH
Eicosanoid hormones - ANSWER-derived from arachidonic acid
- prostaglandins and leukotrienes (local hormones)
Erythrocytes - ANSWER-RBC; contain the oxygen and hemoglobin.
Function is to carry O2 to the cells and carry CO2 out of the cells
RBC - ANSWER-each contains 280 million hemoglobin molecules
, Hemoglobin - ANSWER-plays role in regulating blood pressure
Anemia - ANSWER-the condition of insufficient RBC or hemoglobin
Erythropoiesis - ANSWER-is the production of RBCs -- begins in RBM with a
proerythroblast
Thrombocyte - ANSWER-platelet; splinters of megakaryocytes that have broken
apart while still in RBM
3 Mechanisms of Homeostasis - ANSWER-vascular spasm, platelet plug formation,
blood clot
Cardiac conduction system - ANSWER-SA node, AV node, bundle of His, bundle
branches and Purkinje fibers
SA node - ANSWER-pacemaker of the heart; causes atrial muscles to contract
AV node - ANSWER-delays arterial pressure 1/10 of a second to prevent atrium and
ventricles from contracting simultaneously
P - ANSWER-right atrium depolarization, SA node electrical signal to AV node
PQ - ANSWER-atrium contracting, electrical wave moving down the Bundle of His to
purkinje fibers
QRS - ANSWER-ventricles depolarizing; atrium repolarizing
ST - ANSWER-ventricle contracts; plateau phase
T - ANSWER-ventricle repolarization
S1 - ANSWER-the first heart sound (lub); caused by blood turbulence associated
with the closing of the AV valves
S2 - ANSWER-the second heart sound (dub); caused by blood turbulence
associated with closing of the semilunar valves
Cardiac output - ANSWER-stroke volume times heart rate; mean arterial pressure
divided by resistance
Stroke volume - ANSWER-regulated preload, contractility and afterload
Preload - ANSWER-the degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts; a greater
preload will increase the force of contractions
Contractility - ANSWER-the forcefulness of contraction of individual ventricular
muscle fibers; positive inotropic agents increase
Complete Solutions
Steroid hormones - ANSWER-derived from cholesterol, each steroid hormone is
unique due to the presence of different chemical groups making for a large diversity
of functions
ex: estrogens, testosterone, progesterone, calcitriol
Thyroid hormones - ANSWER-T3 and T4 are synthesized by attached to iodine to
tyrosine, the two benzene rings within the molecule makes them very lipid soluble
Nitric oxide - ANSWER-both a hormone and a neurotransmitter, its synthesis is
catalyzed by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase; binds to hemoglobin and transports
CO2
Water soluble hormones - ANSWER-soluble in water, do not require transport
proteins, and need to be administered through injection because digestive enzymes
would destroy them by breaking their peptide bonds; EX: amine hormones, peptide
and protein hormones, eiconsanoid hormones
Amine hormones - ANSWER-synthesized by carboxylating and modifying amino
acids
Catecholamines - ANSWER-epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine
- are synthesized by modifying tyrosine
Histamine - ANSWER-synthesized from histidine by mast cells and platelets
Serotonin - ANSWER-derived from tryptophan
Melatonin - ANSWER-derived from tryptophan
Peptide and protein hormones - ANSWER-amino acid polymers
Peptide - ANSWER-ADH and oxytocin
Protein - ANSWER-TSH
Eicosanoid hormones - ANSWER-derived from arachidonic acid
- prostaglandins and leukotrienes (local hormones)
Erythrocytes - ANSWER-RBC; contain the oxygen and hemoglobin.
Function is to carry O2 to the cells and carry CO2 out of the cells
RBC - ANSWER-each contains 280 million hemoglobin molecules
, Hemoglobin - ANSWER-plays role in regulating blood pressure
Anemia - ANSWER-the condition of insufficient RBC or hemoglobin
Erythropoiesis - ANSWER-is the production of RBCs -- begins in RBM with a
proerythroblast
Thrombocyte - ANSWER-platelet; splinters of megakaryocytes that have broken
apart while still in RBM
3 Mechanisms of Homeostasis - ANSWER-vascular spasm, platelet plug formation,
blood clot
Cardiac conduction system - ANSWER-SA node, AV node, bundle of His, bundle
branches and Purkinje fibers
SA node - ANSWER-pacemaker of the heart; causes atrial muscles to contract
AV node - ANSWER-delays arterial pressure 1/10 of a second to prevent atrium and
ventricles from contracting simultaneously
P - ANSWER-right atrium depolarization, SA node electrical signal to AV node
PQ - ANSWER-atrium contracting, electrical wave moving down the Bundle of His to
purkinje fibers
QRS - ANSWER-ventricles depolarizing; atrium repolarizing
ST - ANSWER-ventricle contracts; plateau phase
T - ANSWER-ventricle repolarization
S1 - ANSWER-the first heart sound (lub); caused by blood turbulence associated
with the closing of the AV valves
S2 - ANSWER-the second heart sound (dub); caused by blood turbulence
associated with closing of the semilunar valves
Cardiac output - ANSWER-stroke volume times heart rate; mean arterial pressure
divided by resistance
Stroke volume - ANSWER-regulated preload, contractility and afterload
Preload - ANSWER-the degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts; a greater
preload will increase the force of contractions
Contractility - ANSWER-the forcefulness of contraction of individual ventricular
muscle fibers; positive inotropic agents increase
