MULTIPLE CHOICE
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1. The body’s mechanism for conducting air in and out of the lungs is known as which of the
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following?
a. External respiration
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, b. Internal respiration nl
c. Spontaneous ventilation nl
d. Mechanical ventilation nl
ANS: C n l
The conduction of air in and out of the body is known as ventilation. Since the question asks
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for the body’s mechanism, this would be spontaneous ventilation. External respiration involv
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es the exchange of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) between the alveoli and the pulmo
nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl
nary capillaries. Internal respiration occurs at the cellular level and involves movement of oxy
nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl
gen from the systemic blood into the cells.
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REF: nlnl pg. 2 nl
2. Which of the following are involved in external respiration?
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a. Red blood cells and body cells nl nl nl nl nl
b. Scalenes and trapezius muscles nl nl nl
c. Alveoli and pulmonary capillaries nl nl nl
d. External oblique and transverse abdominal muscles nl nl nl nl nl
ANS: C n l
External respiration involves the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide (CO2) between the al
nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl
veoli and the pulmonary capillaries. Internal respiration occurs at the cellular level and involv
nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl
es movement of oxygen from the systemic blood into the cells. Scalene and trapezius muscles
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are accessory muscles of inspiration. External oblique and transverse abdominal muscles are
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accessory muscles of expiration. nl nl nl
REF: nlnl pg. 2 nl
3. The graph that shows intrapleural pressure changes during normal spontaneous breathing is
nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl
depicted by which of the following? nl nl nl nl nl
a.
, b.
c.
d.
ANS: B n l
During spontaneous breathing, the intrapleural pressure drops from about 5 cm H2O at end-
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expiration to about 10 cm H2O at end-
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inspiration. The graph depicted for answer B shows that change from 5 cm H2O to 10 cm H
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2O.
REF: nlnl pg. 3 nl
4. During spontaneous inspiration alveolar pressure (PA) is about:
nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl .
a. 1 cm H2O nl nl
b. +1 cm H2O
n l n l nl nl
c. 0 cm H2O nl nl
d. 5 cm H2O nl nl
ANS: A n l
1 cm H2O is the lowest alveolar pressure will become during normal spontaneous ventilation
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. During the exhalation of a normal spontaneous breath the alveolar pressure will become 1 c
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m H2O. nl
REF: nlnl pg. 4 nl
5. The pressure required to maintain alveolar inflation is known as which of the following?
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a. Transairway pressure (PTA) nl nl
b. Transthoracic pressure (PTT) nl nl
c. Transrespiratory pressure (PTR) nl nl
d. Transpulmonary pressure (PL) nl nl
ANS: D n l
, The definition of transpulmonary pressure (PL) is the pressure required to maintain alveolar in
nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl
flation. Transairway pressure (PTA) is the pressure gradient required to produce airflow in the co
nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl
nducting tubes. Transrespiratory pressure (PTR) is the pressure to inflate the lungs and airways
nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl
during positive-
nl nl
pressure ventilation. Transthoracic pressure (PTT) represents the pressure required to expand o
nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl
r contract the lungs and the chest wall at the same time.
nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl
REF: nlnl pg. 4 nl
6. Calculate the pressure needed to overcome airway resistance during positive-
nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl
pressure ventilation when the proximal airway pressure (PAw) is 35 cm H2O and the alveolar
nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl
pressure (PA) is 5 cm H2O. nl nl nl nl nl
a. 7 cm H2O nl nl
b. 30 cm H2O nl nl
c. 40 cm H2O nl nl
d. 175 cm H2O nl nl
ANS: B n l
The transairway pressure (PTA) is used to calculate the pressure required to overcome airway re
nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl
sistance during mechanical ventilation. This formula is PTA = Paw - PA.
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REF: nlnl pg. 4 nl
7. The term used to describe the tendency of a structure to return to its original form after being
nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl n
stretched or acted on by an outside force is which of the following?
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a. Elastance
b. Compliance
c. Viscous resistance nl
d. Distending pressure nl
ANS: A n l
The elastance of a structure is the tendency of that structure to return to its original shape after
nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl
being stretched. The more elastance a structure has, the more difficult it is to stretch. The com
nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl
pliance of a structure is the ease with which the structure distends or stretches.
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Compliance is the opposite of elastance. Viscous resistance is the opposition to movement of
nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl
fered by adjacent structures such as the lungs and their adjacent organs. Distending pressure is
nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl
pressure required to maintain inflation, for example, alveolar distending pressure.
nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl
REF: nlnl pg. 5 nl
8. Calculate the pressure required to achieve a tidal volume of 400 mL for an intubated patient
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with a respiratory system compliance of 15 mL/cm H2O.
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a. 6 cm H2O nl nl
b. 26.7 cm H2O nl nl
c. 37.5 cm H2O nl nl
d. 41.5 cm H2O nl nl
ANS: B n l
C = V/ P then P = V/ C
nl nl nl nl nl nl
REF: nlnl pg. 5 nl
nl
1. The body’s mechanism for conducting air in and out of the lungs is known as which of the
nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl
following?
a. External respiration
nl
, b. Internal respiration nl
c. Spontaneous ventilation nl
d. Mechanical ventilation nl
ANS: C n l
The conduction of air in and out of the body is known as ventilation. Since the question asks
nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl
for the body’s mechanism, this would be spontaneous ventilation. External respiration involv
nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl
es the exchange of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) between the alveoli and the pulmo
nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl
nary capillaries. Internal respiration occurs at the cellular level and involves movement of oxy
nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl
gen from the systemic blood into the cells.
nl nl nl nl nl nl nl
REF: nlnl pg. 2 nl
2. Which of the following are involved in external respiration?
nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl
a. Red blood cells and body cells nl nl nl nl nl
b. Scalenes and trapezius muscles nl nl nl
c. Alveoli and pulmonary capillaries nl nl nl
d. External oblique and transverse abdominal muscles nl nl nl nl nl
ANS: C n l
External respiration involves the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide (CO2) between the al
nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl
veoli and the pulmonary capillaries. Internal respiration occurs at the cellular level and involv
nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl
es movement of oxygen from the systemic blood into the cells. Scalene and trapezius muscles
nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl n
are accessory muscles of inspiration. External oblique and transverse abdominal muscles are
l nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl
accessory muscles of expiration. nl nl nl
REF: nlnl pg. 2 nl
3. The graph that shows intrapleural pressure changes during normal spontaneous breathing is
nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl
depicted by which of the following? nl nl nl nl nl
a.
, b.
c.
d.
ANS: B n l
During spontaneous breathing, the intrapleural pressure drops from about 5 cm H2O at end-
nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl
expiration to about 10 cm H2O at end-
nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl
inspiration. The graph depicted for answer B shows that change from 5 cm H2O to 10 cm H
nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl
2O.
REF: nlnl pg. 3 nl
4. During spontaneous inspiration alveolar pressure (PA) is about:
nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl .
a. 1 cm H2O nl nl
b. +1 cm H2O
n l n l nl nl
c. 0 cm H2O nl nl
d. 5 cm H2O nl nl
ANS: A n l
1 cm H2O is the lowest alveolar pressure will become during normal spontaneous ventilation
nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl
. During the exhalation of a normal spontaneous breath the alveolar pressure will become 1 c
nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl
m H2O. nl
REF: nlnl pg. 4 nl
5. The pressure required to maintain alveolar inflation is known as which of the following?
nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl
a. Transairway pressure (PTA) nl nl
b. Transthoracic pressure (PTT) nl nl
c. Transrespiratory pressure (PTR) nl nl
d. Transpulmonary pressure (PL) nl nl
ANS: D n l
, The definition of transpulmonary pressure (PL) is the pressure required to maintain alveolar in
nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl
flation. Transairway pressure (PTA) is the pressure gradient required to produce airflow in the co
nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl
nducting tubes. Transrespiratory pressure (PTR) is the pressure to inflate the lungs and airways
nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl
during positive-
nl nl
pressure ventilation. Transthoracic pressure (PTT) represents the pressure required to expand o
nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl
r contract the lungs and the chest wall at the same time.
nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl
REF: nlnl pg. 4 nl
6. Calculate the pressure needed to overcome airway resistance during positive-
nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl
pressure ventilation when the proximal airway pressure (PAw) is 35 cm H2O and the alveolar
nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl
pressure (PA) is 5 cm H2O. nl nl nl nl nl
a. 7 cm H2O nl nl
b. 30 cm H2O nl nl
c. 40 cm H2O nl nl
d. 175 cm H2O nl nl
ANS: B n l
The transairway pressure (PTA) is used to calculate the pressure required to overcome airway re
nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl
sistance during mechanical ventilation. This formula is PTA = Paw - PA.
nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl
REF: nlnl pg. 4 nl
7. The term used to describe the tendency of a structure to return to its original form after being
nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl n
stretched or acted on by an outside force is which of the following?
l nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl
a. Elastance
b. Compliance
c. Viscous resistance nl
d. Distending pressure nl
ANS: A n l
The elastance of a structure is the tendency of that structure to return to its original shape after
nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl
being stretched. The more elastance a structure has, the more difficult it is to stretch. The com
nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl
pliance of a structure is the ease with which the structure distends or stretches.
nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl
Compliance is the opposite of elastance. Viscous resistance is the opposition to movement of
nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl
fered by adjacent structures such as the lungs and their adjacent organs. Distending pressure is
nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl
pressure required to maintain inflation, for example, alveolar distending pressure.
nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl
REF: nlnl pg. 5 nl
8. Calculate the pressure required to achieve a tidal volume of 400 mL for an intubated patient
nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl
with a respiratory system compliance of 15 mL/cm H2O.
nl nl nl nl nl nl nl nl
a. 6 cm H2O nl nl
b. 26.7 cm H2O nl nl
c. 37.5 cm H2O nl nl
d. 41.5 cm H2O nl nl
ANS: B n l
C = V/ P then P = V/ C
nl nl nl nl nl nl
REF: nlnl pg. 5 nl
