SPORTS MEDICINE HOSA TEST PAPER UPDATED
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Circuit Training - ✔✔Type of physical activity program in which the person performs
a group exercises in a sequence with brief rests between exercises
✔✔isokinetic exercise - ✔✔Resistance is given at a fixed velocity of movement with
accommodating resistance
✔✔plyometric exercise - ✔✔uses a quick eccentric stretch of the muscle to facilitate a
concentric contraction
✔✔Muscle strength - ✔✔The maximum force that can be applied by a muscle during a
single maximum contraction
✔✔Endurance - ✔✔the ability of the body to undergo prolonged activity
✔✔Power - ✔✔the ability to generate force against some resistance very rapidly
✔✔Body weight exercises - ✔✔exercises done using body weight as resistance
neuromuscular control, power, and muscle endurance
✔✔Functional Strength Training - ✔✔Technique used to improve muscular strength and
neuromuscular control
✔✔Proprioception - ✔✔the unconscious perception of movement and spatial orientation
arising from stimuli within the body itself
✔✔Neuromuscular control - ✔✔unconscious trained response of a muscle to a signal
regarding dynamic joint stability
✔✔cardiorespiratory endurance - ✔✔the ability to perform whole-body, large-muscle
activities for extended periods of time without undue fatigue
✔✔Maximum aerobic capacity (VO2 max) - ✔✔the greatest rate at which oxygen can
be taken in and used during exercise
✔✔Cardiac Output (CO) - ✔✔Amount of blood pumped in 1 minute (~5 L)
✔✔Stroke Volume (SV) - ✔✔The amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each
contraction.
✔✔aerobic metabolism - ✔✔a type of energy metabolism known as cellular respiration;
requires oxygen
,✔✔anaerobic metabolism - ✔✔The metabolism that takes place in the absence of
oxygen; the main by-product is lactic acid.
✔✔Continuous training - ✔✔a technique that uses exercises performed at the same
level of intensity for long periods
✔✔High-intensity interval training (HIIT) - ✔✔An exercise strategy alternating periods of
short, intense anaerobic exercise with less-intense recovery periods
✔✔Farlek training - ✔✔This type of training is a type of XC running originating in
Sweden and occurs on varied terrain
✔✔Emergency Action Plan (EAP) - ✔✔A formal document, for each separate venue,
outlining the steps that should be taken in the event of a medical crisis or disaster
✔✔Hyperthermia - ✔✔increased body temperature
✔✔Hypothermia - ✔✔decreased body temperature
✔✔Psychrometer - ✔✔An instrument with two thermometers that is used to measure
the heat index
✔✔Heat Syncope - ✔✔heat collapse, associated with rapid physical fatigue during over
exposure to heat.
✔✔Heat Syncope Treatment - ✔✔Lay athlete down in cool environment, elevate lower
extremities, consume fluids
✔✔exercise-associated muscle cramps - ✔✔Formerly known as heat cramps, these
muscle spasms can be intense and debilitating and occur typically in the legs, arms and
abdomen; painful involuntary muscle spasms occur during or after physical exertion,
particularly in high heat and humidity, possibly due to loss of electrolytes and water from
perspiration; not associated with an increase in body temperature.
✔✔Heat Cramps Treatment - ✔✔Ingestion of large quantities of water or preferably
Gatorade, mild, prolonged stretching with ice massage of the muscle in spasm.
✔✔Exertional Heat Exhaustion - ✔✔result of inadequate fluid replacement. Clinically,
the victim of heat exhaustion collapses and manifests profuse sweating, pale skin,
mildly elevated temperature (101F-104F), dizziness with loss of coordination, stomach
cramps with nausea, hyperventilation, and rapid pulse.
, ✔✔Heat Exhaustion Treatment - ✔✔Must be removed form play and taken to a cool
area. Excess clothing and equipment should be removed and athlete should lie down
with his legs elevated. Rehydration should begin immediately with water or a sports
drink as long as the athlete is not nauseated or vomiting. If they cannot take fluids
orally, IV fluid replacement should be initiated by a physician.
✔✔Exertional heat stroke - ✔✔Serious life-threatening emergency. Characterized by
sudden collapse with alteration of consciousness; flushed, hot skin; less sweating than
is seen with heat exhaustion; shallow breathing; a rapid strong pulse; and, most
important, a core temperature of 105F or higher.
✔✔Heatstroke treatment - ✔✔Aggressive and immediate whole-body cooling.
Immediately immerse athlete in cold water bath (35-58F) up to their neck, and then
remove equipment and clothing. If immersion is not possible, sponge them down with
cool water and fan with a towel. Ice bags may be placed at the neck over other major
arterial vessels. Transport to hospital ASAP. However, it is recommended to cool down
first to a temperature of 102F and then transported.
✔✔prevention of heat-related illness - ✔✔- Unrestricted fluid replacement
- Gradual acclimatization
- Identification of susceptible individuals
- Lightweight clothing
- Routine weight record keeping
✔✔fluid replacement - ✔✔Most important step that can be taken to minimize the chance
of heat illness is to make certain that athletes are appropriately hydrated.
✔✔exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH) - ✔✔Condition involving a fluid/electrolyte
disorder that results in an abnormally low concentration of sodium in the blood. Caused
by ingesting so much fluid before, during, and after exercise that concentration of
sodium is decreased.
✔✔Hyponatremia signs and symptoms - ✔✔headache; nausea and vomiting; swelling
of the hands and feet; lethargy, apathy, or agitation; and low blood sodium. Low sodium
can compromise the central nervous system creating a life threatening situation.
✔✔Hyponatremia treatment - ✔✔If blood sodium levels cannot be determined, transport
to medical facility. At medical facility, the delivery of sodium, diuretics, or IV solutions
may be necessary.
✔✔Gradual Acclimatization - ✔✔becoming accustomed to heat and also getting used to
exercising in hot temperatures
✔✔Frostnip - ✔✔Superficial freezing of outer layer of skin
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Circuit Training - ✔✔Type of physical activity program in which the person performs
a group exercises in a sequence with brief rests between exercises
✔✔isokinetic exercise - ✔✔Resistance is given at a fixed velocity of movement with
accommodating resistance
✔✔plyometric exercise - ✔✔uses a quick eccentric stretch of the muscle to facilitate a
concentric contraction
✔✔Muscle strength - ✔✔The maximum force that can be applied by a muscle during a
single maximum contraction
✔✔Endurance - ✔✔the ability of the body to undergo prolonged activity
✔✔Power - ✔✔the ability to generate force against some resistance very rapidly
✔✔Body weight exercises - ✔✔exercises done using body weight as resistance
neuromuscular control, power, and muscle endurance
✔✔Functional Strength Training - ✔✔Technique used to improve muscular strength and
neuromuscular control
✔✔Proprioception - ✔✔the unconscious perception of movement and spatial orientation
arising from stimuli within the body itself
✔✔Neuromuscular control - ✔✔unconscious trained response of a muscle to a signal
regarding dynamic joint stability
✔✔cardiorespiratory endurance - ✔✔the ability to perform whole-body, large-muscle
activities for extended periods of time without undue fatigue
✔✔Maximum aerobic capacity (VO2 max) - ✔✔the greatest rate at which oxygen can
be taken in and used during exercise
✔✔Cardiac Output (CO) - ✔✔Amount of blood pumped in 1 minute (~5 L)
✔✔Stroke Volume (SV) - ✔✔The amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each
contraction.
✔✔aerobic metabolism - ✔✔a type of energy metabolism known as cellular respiration;
requires oxygen
,✔✔anaerobic metabolism - ✔✔The metabolism that takes place in the absence of
oxygen; the main by-product is lactic acid.
✔✔Continuous training - ✔✔a technique that uses exercises performed at the same
level of intensity for long periods
✔✔High-intensity interval training (HIIT) - ✔✔An exercise strategy alternating periods of
short, intense anaerobic exercise with less-intense recovery periods
✔✔Farlek training - ✔✔This type of training is a type of XC running originating in
Sweden and occurs on varied terrain
✔✔Emergency Action Plan (EAP) - ✔✔A formal document, for each separate venue,
outlining the steps that should be taken in the event of a medical crisis or disaster
✔✔Hyperthermia - ✔✔increased body temperature
✔✔Hypothermia - ✔✔decreased body temperature
✔✔Psychrometer - ✔✔An instrument with two thermometers that is used to measure
the heat index
✔✔Heat Syncope - ✔✔heat collapse, associated with rapid physical fatigue during over
exposure to heat.
✔✔Heat Syncope Treatment - ✔✔Lay athlete down in cool environment, elevate lower
extremities, consume fluids
✔✔exercise-associated muscle cramps - ✔✔Formerly known as heat cramps, these
muscle spasms can be intense and debilitating and occur typically in the legs, arms and
abdomen; painful involuntary muscle spasms occur during or after physical exertion,
particularly in high heat and humidity, possibly due to loss of electrolytes and water from
perspiration; not associated with an increase in body temperature.
✔✔Heat Cramps Treatment - ✔✔Ingestion of large quantities of water or preferably
Gatorade, mild, prolonged stretching with ice massage of the muscle in spasm.
✔✔Exertional Heat Exhaustion - ✔✔result of inadequate fluid replacement. Clinically,
the victim of heat exhaustion collapses and manifests profuse sweating, pale skin,
mildly elevated temperature (101F-104F), dizziness with loss of coordination, stomach
cramps with nausea, hyperventilation, and rapid pulse.
, ✔✔Heat Exhaustion Treatment - ✔✔Must be removed form play and taken to a cool
area. Excess clothing and equipment should be removed and athlete should lie down
with his legs elevated. Rehydration should begin immediately with water or a sports
drink as long as the athlete is not nauseated or vomiting. If they cannot take fluids
orally, IV fluid replacement should be initiated by a physician.
✔✔Exertional heat stroke - ✔✔Serious life-threatening emergency. Characterized by
sudden collapse with alteration of consciousness; flushed, hot skin; less sweating than
is seen with heat exhaustion; shallow breathing; a rapid strong pulse; and, most
important, a core temperature of 105F or higher.
✔✔Heatstroke treatment - ✔✔Aggressive and immediate whole-body cooling.
Immediately immerse athlete in cold water bath (35-58F) up to their neck, and then
remove equipment and clothing. If immersion is not possible, sponge them down with
cool water and fan with a towel. Ice bags may be placed at the neck over other major
arterial vessels. Transport to hospital ASAP. However, it is recommended to cool down
first to a temperature of 102F and then transported.
✔✔prevention of heat-related illness - ✔✔- Unrestricted fluid replacement
- Gradual acclimatization
- Identification of susceptible individuals
- Lightweight clothing
- Routine weight record keeping
✔✔fluid replacement - ✔✔Most important step that can be taken to minimize the chance
of heat illness is to make certain that athletes are appropriately hydrated.
✔✔exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH) - ✔✔Condition involving a fluid/electrolyte
disorder that results in an abnormally low concentration of sodium in the blood. Caused
by ingesting so much fluid before, during, and after exercise that concentration of
sodium is decreased.
✔✔Hyponatremia signs and symptoms - ✔✔headache; nausea and vomiting; swelling
of the hands and feet; lethargy, apathy, or agitation; and low blood sodium. Low sodium
can compromise the central nervous system creating a life threatening situation.
✔✔Hyponatremia treatment - ✔✔If blood sodium levels cannot be determined, transport
to medical facility. At medical facility, the delivery of sodium, diuretics, or IV solutions
may be necessary.
✔✔Gradual Acclimatization - ✔✔becoming accustomed to heat and also getting used to
exercising in hot temperatures
✔✔Frostnip - ✔✔Superficial freezing of outer layer of skin
