NAVLE (North American Veterinary Licensing EXAM) 2025|2026
ACTUAL EXAM REVIEW 150 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
WITH RATIONALES COVERING THE MOST TESTED QUESTIONS
GUARANTEE A+ GRADE
1. What is the most common cause of colic in horses?
A. Gastric ulceration
B. ☑ Impaction
C. Enterolith
D. Intussusception
Rationale: Impactions, especially in the large colon, are the most frequent cause of colic in
horses.
2. Which vaccine is recommended annually for dogs to prevent leptospirosis?
A. Parvovirus
B. Distemper
C. ☑ Leptospira spp.
D. Bordetella
Rationale: Leptospirosis vaccination protects against zoonotic infection and is recommended
yearly depending on risk.
3. Which drug is first-line for anaphylaxis in dogs?
A. Diphenhydramine
B. Corticosteroids
C. ☑ Epinephrine
D. Famotidine
Rationale: Epinephrine provides immediate vasoconstriction and bronchodilation, critical in
anaphylaxis.
4. What is the most common cause of feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD)?
A. Bladder tumors
B. ☑ Idiopathic cystitis
C. Bacterial infection
D. Urolithiasis
,Rationale: Idiopathic cystitis accounts for the majority of FLUTD cases, especially in younger
cats.
5. Which parasite causes “summer dermatitis” in horses?
A. Strongyles
B. ☑ Culicoides spp. (sweet itch)
C. Ticks
D. Bots
Rationale: Hypersensitivity to Culicoides bites causes seasonal pruritus in horses.
6. Which antibiotic is first-line for pyometra in dogs?
A. Cephalexin
B. ☑ Amoxicillin-clavulanate
C. Enrofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
Rationale: Broad-spectrum antibiotics covering E. coli are indicated; amoxicillin-clavulanate is
commonly used.
7. What is the primary vector of canine heartworm?
A. Fleas
B. Ticks
C. ☑ Mosquitoes
D. Lice
Rationale: Heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) is transmitted via mosquito bites.
8. Which disease causes “cotton wool” lesions in poultry bones?
A. Newcastle disease
B. Marek’s disease
C. ☑ Vitamin D deficiency (rickets)
D. Fowl cholera
Rationale: Rickets in growing birds causes soft, deformed bones due to calcium/phosphorus
imbalance.
,9. What is the treatment of choice for anaphylaxis in cattle?
A. Corticosteroids
B. ☑ Epinephrine
C. Antihistamines
D. NSAIDs
Rationale: Epinephrine acts rapidly to reverse hypotension and bronchoconstriction.
10. Which drug is used to reverse opioid toxicity in dogs?
A. Diazepam
B. Flumazenil
C. ☑ Naloxone
D. Atropine
Rationale: Naloxone competitively blocks opioid receptors, reversing respiratory depression.
11. Which organism is the most common cause of mastitis in dairy cows?
A. E. coli
B. Streptococcus uberis
C. ☑ Staphylococcus aureus
D. Mycoplasma bovis
Rationale: S. aureus causes chronic, subclinical mastitis in dairy herds.
12. Which virus causes “shipping fever” in cattle?
A. Bovine viral diarrhea virus
B. ☑ Bovine herpesvirus 1 (IBR) + secondary bacteria
C. Foot-and-mouth virus
D. Parainfluenza virus only
Rationale: Stress-induced immunosuppression allows IBR and bacterial pathogens (e.g.,
Mannheimia) to cause pneumonia.
13. Which parasite causes “summer sores” in horses?
A. Strongyles
B. ☑ Habronema spp.
C. Bots
D. Ostertagia
, Rationale: Habronema larvae deposited in wounds cause granulomatous, non-healing lesions.
14. Which antibiotic is nephrotoxic in cats?
A. Amoxicillin
B. ☑ Aminoglycosides
C. Cephalexin
D. Clindamycin
Rationale: Aminoglycosides (e.g., gentamicin) can damage renal tubular cells in cats.
15. Which parasite causes anemia in neonatal foals?
A. Strongyles
B. Parascaris equorum
C. ☑ Strongyloides westeri
D. Bots
Rationale: Strongyloides westeri can cause diarrhea and anemia via intestinal blood loss.
16. What is the first-line treatment for canine parvovirus?
A. Antibiotics alone
B. ☑ Supportive care: fluids, antiemetics, nutrition
C. Corticosteroids
D. NSAIDs
Rationale: No specific antiviral; supportive care reduces mortality.
17. Which condition is characterized by “heaves” in horses?
A. Colic
B. Laminitis
C. ☑ Recurrent airway obstruction (RAO)
D. Pleuropneumonia
Rationale: RAO is an allergic airway disease similar to asthma in humans.
18. Which drug is used to treat toxoplasmosis in cats?
A. Azithromycin
B. Metronidazole
ACTUAL EXAM REVIEW 150 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
WITH RATIONALES COVERING THE MOST TESTED QUESTIONS
GUARANTEE A+ GRADE
1. What is the most common cause of colic in horses?
A. Gastric ulceration
B. ☑ Impaction
C. Enterolith
D. Intussusception
Rationale: Impactions, especially in the large colon, are the most frequent cause of colic in
horses.
2. Which vaccine is recommended annually for dogs to prevent leptospirosis?
A. Parvovirus
B. Distemper
C. ☑ Leptospira spp.
D. Bordetella
Rationale: Leptospirosis vaccination protects against zoonotic infection and is recommended
yearly depending on risk.
3. Which drug is first-line for anaphylaxis in dogs?
A. Diphenhydramine
B. Corticosteroids
C. ☑ Epinephrine
D. Famotidine
Rationale: Epinephrine provides immediate vasoconstriction and bronchodilation, critical in
anaphylaxis.
4. What is the most common cause of feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD)?
A. Bladder tumors
B. ☑ Idiopathic cystitis
C. Bacterial infection
D. Urolithiasis
,Rationale: Idiopathic cystitis accounts for the majority of FLUTD cases, especially in younger
cats.
5. Which parasite causes “summer dermatitis” in horses?
A. Strongyles
B. ☑ Culicoides spp. (sweet itch)
C. Ticks
D. Bots
Rationale: Hypersensitivity to Culicoides bites causes seasonal pruritus in horses.
6. Which antibiotic is first-line for pyometra in dogs?
A. Cephalexin
B. ☑ Amoxicillin-clavulanate
C. Enrofloxacin
D. Doxycycline
Rationale: Broad-spectrum antibiotics covering E. coli are indicated; amoxicillin-clavulanate is
commonly used.
7. What is the primary vector of canine heartworm?
A. Fleas
B. Ticks
C. ☑ Mosquitoes
D. Lice
Rationale: Heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) is transmitted via mosquito bites.
8. Which disease causes “cotton wool” lesions in poultry bones?
A. Newcastle disease
B. Marek’s disease
C. ☑ Vitamin D deficiency (rickets)
D. Fowl cholera
Rationale: Rickets in growing birds causes soft, deformed bones due to calcium/phosphorus
imbalance.
,9. What is the treatment of choice for anaphylaxis in cattle?
A. Corticosteroids
B. ☑ Epinephrine
C. Antihistamines
D. NSAIDs
Rationale: Epinephrine acts rapidly to reverse hypotension and bronchoconstriction.
10. Which drug is used to reverse opioid toxicity in dogs?
A. Diazepam
B. Flumazenil
C. ☑ Naloxone
D. Atropine
Rationale: Naloxone competitively blocks opioid receptors, reversing respiratory depression.
11. Which organism is the most common cause of mastitis in dairy cows?
A. E. coli
B. Streptococcus uberis
C. ☑ Staphylococcus aureus
D. Mycoplasma bovis
Rationale: S. aureus causes chronic, subclinical mastitis in dairy herds.
12. Which virus causes “shipping fever” in cattle?
A. Bovine viral diarrhea virus
B. ☑ Bovine herpesvirus 1 (IBR) + secondary bacteria
C. Foot-and-mouth virus
D. Parainfluenza virus only
Rationale: Stress-induced immunosuppression allows IBR and bacterial pathogens (e.g.,
Mannheimia) to cause pneumonia.
13. Which parasite causes “summer sores” in horses?
A. Strongyles
B. ☑ Habronema spp.
C. Bots
D. Ostertagia
, Rationale: Habronema larvae deposited in wounds cause granulomatous, non-healing lesions.
14. Which antibiotic is nephrotoxic in cats?
A. Amoxicillin
B. ☑ Aminoglycosides
C. Cephalexin
D. Clindamycin
Rationale: Aminoglycosides (e.g., gentamicin) can damage renal tubular cells in cats.
15. Which parasite causes anemia in neonatal foals?
A. Strongyles
B. Parascaris equorum
C. ☑ Strongyloides westeri
D. Bots
Rationale: Strongyloides westeri can cause diarrhea and anemia via intestinal blood loss.
16. What is the first-line treatment for canine parvovirus?
A. Antibiotics alone
B. ☑ Supportive care: fluids, antiemetics, nutrition
C. Corticosteroids
D. NSAIDs
Rationale: No specific antiviral; supportive care reduces mortality.
17. Which condition is characterized by “heaves” in horses?
A. Colic
B. Laminitis
C. ☑ Recurrent airway obstruction (RAO)
D. Pleuropneumonia
Rationale: RAO is an allergic airway disease similar to asthma in humans.
18. Which drug is used to treat toxoplasmosis in cats?
A. Azithromycin
B. Metronidazole
