NR 545 (Exam 2) 111 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS LATEST
UPDATE!!PASSED!!
What is Angina? - correct answer Angina, or angina pectoris, is often described as chest pain
usually precipitated by stress or exertion and relieved rapidly with rest or nitrates. Those with
angina report varying symptoms including chest pain categorized as squeezing while others
describe the pain like a heavy weight being placed on the chest. Angina is relatively common,
and usually due to atherosclerotic heart disease.
What is the Patho of Angina? - correct answer Angina is chest pain that is associated with
decreased blood flow or ischemia to the myocardial tissue. The decreased blood flow may be
the result of atherosclerosis or coronary artery spasm. Neural pain receptors are stimulated by
accelerated cellular metabolism, chemical changes, and imbalances
What are signs and symptoms of Angina? - correct answer - chest heaviness
- chest pressure
- squeezing or fullness Sometimes this pain radiates to the left shoulder and arm while others
report pain in the jaw.
Generally, the attack length can range anywhere between three minutes to twenty minutes.
Attacks reported at greater than thirty minutes are concerning and could indicate the
development of acute coronary syndrome.
What lab test are needed for angina? - correct answer - Troponin
- CK-MB: to evaluate for acute coronary symptoms as well as for anemia which might be
contributing to ischemic chest pain.
- An ECG should also be obtained to rule out acute coronary syndrome.
What are pharmacological remedies for Angina? - correct answer Nitroglycerin (Drug of choice):
Nitroglycerin relaxes and widens the blood vessel promoting easier blood flow to the heart
muscle. Dosing of nitroglycerin is 0.3-0.6 mg by translingual spray or sublingual tablet every five
minutes, as indicated with a max of 3 doses in 15 minutes.
Beta-Blockers and ACE inhibitors
What is a myocardial infarction? - correct answer (Heart Attack)
,A myocardial infarction (MI) occurs when blood flow to the heart is minimized. The blockage is
most often caused by a buildup of cholesterol, which forms a plaque in the arteries that
circulate oxygenated blood flow to the myocardium. When the plaque breaks away it can form
a clot, interrupting or completely blocking blood flow and destroying a part of the heart muscle.
Unlike with an episode of angina, those experiencing a myocardial
infarction often report symptoms of pain at rest.
What is the patho of a Myocardial Infarction? - correct answer During a myocardial infarction
there is an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. Prolonged ischemia
(>30 minutes) from the lack of circulating blood flow to the myocardium results in cellular
death, further impacting the heart's ability to function. Depending on the extent of the cell
death, the heart might have decreased contractility resulting in wall function abnormalities
further placing the patient at risk for decompensation.
What are the symptoms of a Myocardial Infraction? - correct answer - Sharp radiating pain
(Even at rest)
- Light-headed or have increased feelings of anxiety or impending doom.
- Nausea (more common in right coronary artery occlusion)
- Vomiting
- Diaphoresis
- Syncope
- Dyspnea
- Orthopnea
- Wheezing
What lab test are needed for a Myocardial Infraction? - correct answer - Troponins
- CK-MB
- An ECG will often demonstrate ST-segment elevation or new left bundle
branch block.
How do you manage a Myocardial Infraction? - correct answer Patients presenting with acute
myocardial infarction will need reperfusion therapy or fibrinolytic therapy. To decrease
mortality rates, reperfusion through PCI needs to be completed within 90 minutes of
presentation to the emergency room.
, What is Atherosclerosis? - correct answer a disease of the arteries characterized by the
deposition of plaques of fatty material on their inner walls.
What is the path of Atherosclerosis? - correct answer Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory
process that begins with damage to the endothelium often the result of hypertension, smoking,
high cholesterol or other risk factors. The endothelium develops a fatty streak which further
develops into a fibrous plaque and then complicated lesion.
Physical assessment of Atherosclerosis? - correct answer Family medical history and personal
medical history should be reviewed for risk factors, including level of physical activity, tobacco,
use, and dietary habits. A review of symptoms including recent and increasing fatigue, as well
as fluid retention should be completed. A medication history should be obtained to determine
risk factors including high cholesterol, hypertension, or diabetes.
While a full physical assessment should be performed, particular attention to pulse deficits,
neck vein distention, edema, and calf pain can further contribute to the diagnosis.
What are test of Atherosclerosis? - correct answer - Stress tests (either exercise or
pharmacological)
- Chest x-ray
- 12-lead ECG
- Ankle-Brachial index might also be performed to assess blood pressure in the extremities.
What is the pharmacologic management of Atherosclerosis? - correct answer - Antiplatelet
medications (Aspirins)
- Statins
- ACE) inhibitors
What are Arrhythmias? - correct answer irregular heart rhythms; uncoordinated atrial and
ventricular contractions
What is a bradyarrhythmia? - correct answer slow irregular heart rate
What is a supraventricular arrhythmia? - correct answer Arrhythmias are identifiable by heart
rates over 100 bpm (tachycardia) at rest. The rhythm can be regular or irregular. Types of
supraventricular arrhythmias are:
- Atrial fibrillation, one of the most common types of arrythmias seen around the world, can
produced extremely fast heart rates.
UPDATE!!PASSED!!
What is Angina? - correct answer Angina, or angina pectoris, is often described as chest pain
usually precipitated by stress or exertion and relieved rapidly with rest or nitrates. Those with
angina report varying symptoms including chest pain categorized as squeezing while others
describe the pain like a heavy weight being placed on the chest. Angina is relatively common,
and usually due to atherosclerotic heart disease.
What is the Patho of Angina? - correct answer Angina is chest pain that is associated with
decreased blood flow or ischemia to the myocardial tissue. The decreased blood flow may be
the result of atherosclerosis or coronary artery spasm. Neural pain receptors are stimulated by
accelerated cellular metabolism, chemical changes, and imbalances
What are signs and symptoms of Angina? - correct answer - chest heaviness
- chest pressure
- squeezing or fullness Sometimes this pain radiates to the left shoulder and arm while others
report pain in the jaw.
Generally, the attack length can range anywhere between three minutes to twenty minutes.
Attacks reported at greater than thirty minutes are concerning and could indicate the
development of acute coronary syndrome.
What lab test are needed for angina? - correct answer - Troponin
- CK-MB: to evaluate for acute coronary symptoms as well as for anemia which might be
contributing to ischemic chest pain.
- An ECG should also be obtained to rule out acute coronary syndrome.
What are pharmacological remedies for Angina? - correct answer Nitroglycerin (Drug of choice):
Nitroglycerin relaxes and widens the blood vessel promoting easier blood flow to the heart
muscle. Dosing of nitroglycerin is 0.3-0.6 mg by translingual spray or sublingual tablet every five
minutes, as indicated with a max of 3 doses in 15 minutes.
Beta-Blockers and ACE inhibitors
What is a myocardial infarction? - correct answer (Heart Attack)
,A myocardial infarction (MI) occurs when blood flow to the heart is minimized. The blockage is
most often caused by a buildup of cholesterol, which forms a plaque in the arteries that
circulate oxygenated blood flow to the myocardium. When the plaque breaks away it can form
a clot, interrupting or completely blocking blood flow and destroying a part of the heart muscle.
Unlike with an episode of angina, those experiencing a myocardial
infarction often report symptoms of pain at rest.
What is the patho of a Myocardial Infarction? - correct answer During a myocardial infarction
there is an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. Prolonged ischemia
(>30 minutes) from the lack of circulating blood flow to the myocardium results in cellular
death, further impacting the heart's ability to function. Depending on the extent of the cell
death, the heart might have decreased contractility resulting in wall function abnormalities
further placing the patient at risk for decompensation.
What are the symptoms of a Myocardial Infraction? - correct answer - Sharp radiating pain
(Even at rest)
- Light-headed or have increased feelings of anxiety or impending doom.
- Nausea (more common in right coronary artery occlusion)
- Vomiting
- Diaphoresis
- Syncope
- Dyspnea
- Orthopnea
- Wheezing
What lab test are needed for a Myocardial Infraction? - correct answer - Troponins
- CK-MB
- An ECG will often demonstrate ST-segment elevation or new left bundle
branch block.
How do you manage a Myocardial Infraction? - correct answer Patients presenting with acute
myocardial infarction will need reperfusion therapy or fibrinolytic therapy. To decrease
mortality rates, reperfusion through PCI needs to be completed within 90 minutes of
presentation to the emergency room.
, What is Atherosclerosis? - correct answer a disease of the arteries characterized by the
deposition of plaques of fatty material on their inner walls.
What is the path of Atherosclerosis? - correct answer Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory
process that begins with damage to the endothelium often the result of hypertension, smoking,
high cholesterol or other risk factors. The endothelium develops a fatty streak which further
develops into a fibrous plaque and then complicated lesion.
Physical assessment of Atherosclerosis? - correct answer Family medical history and personal
medical history should be reviewed for risk factors, including level of physical activity, tobacco,
use, and dietary habits. A review of symptoms including recent and increasing fatigue, as well
as fluid retention should be completed. A medication history should be obtained to determine
risk factors including high cholesterol, hypertension, or diabetes.
While a full physical assessment should be performed, particular attention to pulse deficits,
neck vein distention, edema, and calf pain can further contribute to the diagnosis.
What are test of Atherosclerosis? - correct answer - Stress tests (either exercise or
pharmacological)
- Chest x-ray
- 12-lead ECG
- Ankle-Brachial index might also be performed to assess blood pressure in the extremities.
What is the pharmacologic management of Atherosclerosis? - correct answer - Antiplatelet
medications (Aspirins)
- Statins
- ACE) inhibitors
What are Arrhythmias? - correct answer irregular heart rhythms; uncoordinated atrial and
ventricular contractions
What is a bradyarrhythmia? - correct answer slow irregular heart rate
What is a supraventricular arrhythmia? - correct answer Arrhythmias are identifiable by heart
rates over 100 bpm (tachycardia) at rest. The rhythm can be regular or irregular. Types of
supraventricular arrhythmias are:
- Atrial fibrillation, one of the most common types of arrythmias seen around the world, can
produced extremely fast heart rates.
