NR 226 Quiz 2 Questions and Answers

NR 226 Quiz 2 Questions and Answers What is hypersomnolence disorder? - Involves getting too much sleep - Excessive sleepiness What is a polysomnogram? - involves the use of electroencephalography (EEG) electromyography (EMG), and electro-oculography (EOG) What does a polysomnogram monitor? - monitor stages of sleep and wakefulness during nighttime sleep. What does insomnia mean? - symptom that patients experience when they have chronic difficulty in falling asleep When can insomnia be observed? - difficulty falling asleep - Short sleep - nonrestorative sleep what is sleep hygiene? practices that a patient associates with sleep What is sleep apnea? - a sleep disorder in which an individual is unable to breathe and sleep at the same time. What does EDS stand for? excessive daytime sleepiness What is EDS? - a common complaint in people experiencing OSA and CSA What is the most common form of sleep apnea? - Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) What is Obstructive Sleep apnea? - cessation of airflow despite the effort to breath What are the two types of apnea? - Obstructive sleep apnea - Central sleep apnea What is central sleep apnea? - dysfunction in the respiratory control center of the brain What does untreated sleep apnea cause an increase risk for? - hypertension - diabetes - heart disease - heart failure What does obstructive sleep apnea cause a serious decline in? - arterial oxygen saturation level What are people who have obstructive sleep apnea at risk for? - Cardiac dysrhythmias - Right heart failure - Pulmonary hypertension - angina attacks - stroke - hypertension What is Narcolepsy mean? - dysfunction of processes that regulate sleep and wake states. What is the most common complaint associated with Narcolepsy? - Excessive daytime sleepiness What is excessive daytime sleepiness? - An overwhelming wave of sleepiness and falls asleep How quickly does REM sleep occur during an episode of excessive daytime sleepiness? - 15 minutes prior to falling asleep What does cataplexy mean? sudden and brief loss of muscle tone during intense emotions. What are the emotions associated with cataplexy? - Anger - Sadness - Laughter What differentiates Type 1 narcolepsy from Type 2 Narcolepsy? - Type 1 is associated with Cataplexy What is sleep deprivation? - lack of sleep or insufficient sleep Who is more likely to develop parasomnias? - Children What is the definition of rest? - Patient is usually feel mentally relaxed, free from anxiety, and physically calm How many hours of sleep must a neonate get per day 16 hrs of sleep per day At what age does an infant develop nighttime sleep patterns? - 3 months of age How many hours of sleep must an infant get per day? 15 hours ( 8-10 hrs per night) How much sleep should a toddler (2 years of age) get per day? - 12 hours per day (including napes) How much sleep should a Preschooler/ school-aged child (5-6 years old) get per night? - 11-12 hours per night How much sleep should an 11-year-old get per night? - 7 hours or less of sleep per night How many hours of sleep should a young adult get per night? - 6-8.5 hours How many hours of sleep should a Middle adult get per night? - 7-9 hours What stage of the sleep cycle do most elder adults spend more time in? - stage 1 (NREM sleep) What are some factors that influence sleep? - Drugs / Substances - Lifestyle - Usual sleep patterns - Emotional Stress - Environment - Exercises / Fatigue - Food / Caloric intake What are some examples of nursing diagnoses related to Sleep? - Adequate sleep - Fatigue - Impaired sleep - Impaired alertness - Sleep deprivation What are some physiological symptoms associated to Sleep deprivation? - Ptosis / blurred vision - Fine-motor clumsiness - Decreased reflexes - Slowed response time - Decreased reasoning and judgement - Decrease in auditory / visual alertness - Cardiac arrhythmias What does Ptosis mean? drooping eyelid What are some psychological symptoms associated with sleep deprivation? - Confused / disoriented - increased sensitivity to pain - irritable - withdrawn - apathetic - agitate - hyperactive - decreased motivation - excessive sleepiness What are the two sleep phases involved in the stages of sleep? - NREM Sleep - REM sleep What does NREM stand for as a type of sleep? nonrapid eye movement What does REM stand for? rapid eye movement Which of the two phases of sleep is the longest phase? - NREM (75%) What stages of NREM make up NREM? - N1 - N2 - N3 Which stage of the sleep phase is the shortest stage? - N1 (NREM) What occurs first in the N1 stage of sleep? - gradual fall in vital signs / metabolism What is the N2 stage of NREM? - stage of sound sleep during which relaxation progresses What occurs during the N2 stage of NREM? - Brain / muscle activity continues to slow What is N3 stage of NREM called? - Slow-wave sleep What stage of the sleep stages is the deepest stage of sleep? - N3 (NREM) What occurs during the N3 stages of NREM? - Brain / muscle activity are significantly decreased - VS are lower than during waking hours. What percentage of the night is considered REM sleep? - 25% What occurs during REM sleep? - Vivid / Full-color dreaming occurs here What is the definition of REM sleep? - Autonomic response of rapidly moving eyes, fluctuating heart/ respiratory rates, and increased or fluctuating BP What increases during the REM phase of sleep? - Gastric secretions On average, how long does REM sleep occur for in each cycle?? - 20 minutes What decreases during the REM phase of sleep? - Loss of skeletal muscle tones What are some integumentary changes that occur as an individual age? - Loss of skin elasticity - Loss of fat in extremities - pigmentation changes - Nail changes - Hair changes What are some Pigmentation changes that occur as an individual age? Glandular atrophy occurs: - Atrophy of oil glands - decrease in moisture - Atrophy of sweat glands What are some hair changes that occur as an individual age? - Thinning hair - Hair turns gray / white - facial hair in men decreases - facial hair in women increases What are some Respiratory changes, that cause increase, that occur as an individual age? - increase in anterior-posterior chest increases - Increase in chest wall rigidity - Increased airway resistance What are some Respiratory changes, that cause a decrease, that occur as an individual age? - decrease in cough reflex - decrease in ciliary activity - decrease in alveoli What are some Musculoskeletal changes that occur as a result of the aging process? - Decrease in muscle mass / strength - Decalcification of bones - degenerative joint changes - Dehydration of intervertebral discs - Fat tissue increases What occurs to the eyes as a result of the aging process? - Presbyopia - smaller pupils - yellowing of the lens What occurs to the Ears as a result of the aging process? - Presbycusis - thickening of the tympanic membrane - Sclerosis of inner ear - Build up of Cerumen What does Presbycusis mean? - Loss of acuity for high-frequency tones What does Presbyopia mean? - Decrease accommodation to near/ far vision What occurs to taste as a result of the aging process? - Taste is diminished - fewer taste buds What occurs to smell as a result of the aging process? smell tends to be diminished What occurs to touch as a result of the aging process? - Decrease in skin receptors How is Proprioception altered as a result of the aging process? - decrease in awareness of body positioning in space What occurs to the male reproduction as a result of the aging process? - sperm count diminished - Testes get smaller - Erection is less firm - Erection is slow to develop What occurs to the female reproduction as a result of the aging process? - Estrogen production decreases - Ovaries under degeneration - dryness of the vaginal mucosa What undergoes atrophy in relationship to the female reproductive system as a result of the aging process? - Vagina - Uterus - Breasts What happens to the thyroid as a result of the aging process? - Secretions diminish What happens to Cortisol / Glucocorticoid levels as a result of the aging process? - Increased anti-inflammatory hormone What happens to the pancreas as a result of the aging process? - Increased fibrosis - decrease in the secretion of enzymes/hormones - CAUSES A DECREASED SENSITIVITY TO INSULIN What happens to the response to stress coping as a result of the aging process? - patient becomes less capable of responding to stress What occurs to the thymus as a result of aging? - decrease in size AND volume What occurs to the T-cell function as a result of aging? - T-cell function decreases What occurs to the body temperature of an individual as they age? - Core temperature elevation is lowered What is Delirium (acute Confusional state) - Reversible cognitive impairment that occurs suddenly and worsens at night