NGR6141 EXAM 3 OBJECTIVES 2025/2026
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% PASS
The Pericardium:
1) describe
2) 3 functions
3) name 2 layers - ANS A double walled membrane sac that encloses the epicardium,
myocardium and the endocardium is called the ________________________.
It has 3 Functions:
1. Prevents displacement of heart during gravitational acceleration, deceleration
2. Acts as a physical barrier that protects the heart against infection and inflammation from the
lungs and plural space
3. Contains pain receptors and mechanoreceptors that can elicit reflex changes in B/P and HR
C) Has 2 Layers:
1. Parietal - outer layers, surface layer of mesothelium over a thin layer of connective tissue
2. Visceral (Epicardium) - inner layer
-Layers separated by pericardial cavity that contains 20ml of pericardial fluid
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026
,Be able to identify the location of the tricuspid, pulmonic, mitral, aortic valve and how they
function. What causes the valves to open and close? - ANS - Valves open and close due to
pressure gradients
- Four Valves, two kinds of valves:
1. Atrioventricular Valves: one way flow of blood from atrium to ventricle
(a) Tricuspid - (has 3 cusps), Rt valve between the RA and RV
(b) Mitral - (bicuspid), found between LA and LV
2. Semilunar Valves: one way flow from ventricles to either the PA or to the Aorta
(a) Pulmonic - blood goes from RV to PA
- when this valve is open, the AV is closed
(b) Aortic - blood from LV goes into the Aorta
2a) Atrioventricular Valves: one way flow of blood from atrium to ventricle
(a) Tricuspid
(b) Mitral - ANS 2a) The _______________ valve has 3 cusps, and is located between the RA
and the RV
2b) The __________________ valve has 2 leaflets and is found between LA and LV
a) Semilunar Valves:
b) Pulmonic
c) Aortic - ANS a) Valves that allow one way flow from ventricles to either the PA or to the
Aorta are called the _______________________ valves. There are two kinds called (b) and (c)
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026
,b) The _______________valve allows blood to go from RV to PA, when this valve is open, the
AV is closed
c) The_________________valve allows blood from LV to go into the Aorta
"Atrial kick" - ANS LA contraction [SYSTOLE] allows a significant INCREASE in the amt of blood
entering the LV at the end of its contraction [DIASTOLE]
A) Right Coronary Artery
(1) Conus branch
(2) Rt Marginal Branch
(3) Posterior Descending Artery (PDA) - ANS A) The ______________ ______________
________________ originates from an ostium behind the aortic cusp and travels behind the
Pulm artery (PA), it extends around the right heart to the hearts' posterior surface where it
branches into the RA and RV area.
- Has three branches:
(1) The __________________ branch supplies blood to the RV.
(2) The ________________ ________________ branch crosses through the RV to the apex
(3) The __________________ ___________________ Artery lies in the post interventricular
sulcus and supplies smaller branches to both ventricles
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026
, (1) Left Anterior Descending (LAD)
(2) Circumflex Artery (CX) - ANS (1) The ____________ _________________ _____________
Artery delivers blood to the LA and RV and much of the Septum. It originates from a single
ostium behind the left cusp of the AV and it passes between the LA appendage and the PA.
(2) The ___________________ Artery supplies the LA and the Lateral wall of the LV, often
branches into the posterior surface of the LA and LV Lateral wall.
Frank Starling Law - ANS The _________________ ___________________ Law is the volume
of blood in the heart at the end of DIASTOLE (length of its muscle fibers) that is directly r/t to
the force of contraction during the next SYSTOLE.
- Myocardial stretch determines the force of myocardial contraction
- The more stretch = the more incr force of contraction
Know the major changes of aging related to the cardiovascular system - ANS - Myocardial
and blood vessel stiffening
o r/t cross-linking of collagen
o increase in collagen
o disposition of Ca+
o change in elastin
o change in extracellular matrix
o reactive oxygen species
- Changes in neurogenic control over vascular tone
- Incr occurrence of atrial fibrillation
- Loss of exercise capacity
4 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% PASS
The Pericardium:
1) describe
2) 3 functions
3) name 2 layers - ANS A double walled membrane sac that encloses the epicardium,
myocardium and the endocardium is called the ________________________.
It has 3 Functions:
1. Prevents displacement of heart during gravitational acceleration, deceleration
2. Acts as a physical barrier that protects the heart against infection and inflammation from the
lungs and plural space
3. Contains pain receptors and mechanoreceptors that can elicit reflex changes in B/P and HR
C) Has 2 Layers:
1. Parietal - outer layers, surface layer of mesothelium over a thin layer of connective tissue
2. Visceral (Epicardium) - inner layer
-Layers separated by pericardial cavity that contains 20ml of pericardial fluid
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026
,Be able to identify the location of the tricuspid, pulmonic, mitral, aortic valve and how they
function. What causes the valves to open and close? - ANS - Valves open and close due to
pressure gradients
- Four Valves, two kinds of valves:
1. Atrioventricular Valves: one way flow of blood from atrium to ventricle
(a) Tricuspid - (has 3 cusps), Rt valve between the RA and RV
(b) Mitral - (bicuspid), found between LA and LV
2. Semilunar Valves: one way flow from ventricles to either the PA or to the Aorta
(a) Pulmonic - blood goes from RV to PA
- when this valve is open, the AV is closed
(b) Aortic - blood from LV goes into the Aorta
2a) Atrioventricular Valves: one way flow of blood from atrium to ventricle
(a) Tricuspid
(b) Mitral - ANS 2a) The _______________ valve has 3 cusps, and is located between the RA
and the RV
2b) The __________________ valve has 2 leaflets and is found between LA and LV
a) Semilunar Valves:
b) Pulmonic
c) Aortic - ANS a) Valves that allow one way flow from ventricles to either the PA or to the
Aorta are called the _______________________ valves. There are two kinds called (b) and (c)
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026
,b) The _______________valve allows blood to go from RV to PA, when this valve is open, the
AV is closed
c) The_________________valve allows blood from LV to go into the Aorta
"Atrial kick" - ANS LA contraction [SYSTOLE] allows a significant INCREASE in the amt of blood
entering the LV at the end of its contraction [DIASTOLE]
A) Right Coronary Artery
(1) Conus branch
(2) Rt Marginal Branch
(3) Posterior Descending Artery (PDA) - ANS A) The ______________ ______________
________________ originates from an ostium behind the aortic cusp and travels behind the
Pulm artery (PA), it extends around the right heart to the hearts' posterior surface where it
branches into the RA and RV area.
- Has three branches:
(1) The __________________ branch supplies blood to the RV.
(2) The ________________ ________________ branch crosses through the RV to the apex
(3) The __________________ ___________________ Artery lies in the post interventricular
sulcus and supplies smaller branches to both ventricles
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026
, (1) Left Anterior Descending (LAD)
(2) Circumflex Artery (CX) - ANS (1) The ____________ _________________ _____________
Artery delivers blood to the LA and RV and much of the Septum. It originates from a single
ostium behind the left cusp of the AV and it passes between the LA appendage and the PA.
(2) The ___________________ Artery supplies the LA and the Lateral wall of the LV, often
branches into the posterior surface of the LA and LV Lateral wall.
Frank Starling Law - ANS The _________________ ___________________ Law is the volume
of blood in the heart at the end of DIASTOLE (length of its muscle fibers) that is directly r/t to
the force of contraction during the next SYSTOLE.
- Myocardial stretch determines the force of myocardial contraction
- The more stretch = the more incr force of contraction
Know the major changes of aging related to the cardiovascular system - ANS - Myocardial
and blood vessel stiffening
o r/t cross-linking of collagen
o increase in collagen
o disposition of Ca+
o change in elastin
o change in extracellular matrix
o reactive oxygen species
- Changes in neurogenic control over vascular tone
- Incr occurrence of atrial fibrillation
- Loss of exercise capacity
4 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026
