NGR 6141 MODULE 2 EXAM 2025/2026
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% PASS
Osmoreceptors that stimulate the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and initiate the thirst
response are found in the: - ANS hypothalamus.
Osmoreceptors, which detect an increase in blood osmolarity, stimulating the release of
antidiuretic hormone, which stimulates thirst, are found in the hypothalamus.
Which state describes the ideal proportion of electrolyte-to-water content in the body? -
ANS Isotonic
The ideal proportion of electrolyte-to-water content in the body is called an isotonic or iso-
osmolar state.
An increase in ADH secretion will result in which of the following changes? - ANS Decreased
serum sodium concentrations
ADH stimulates water reabsorption by the kidneys, which dilutes serum sodium, thus lowering
its concentration.
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026
, Which of the following electrolyte disturbances occurs with renal failure? -
ANS Hyperkalemia
In renal failure, the kidneys fail to excrete potassium, which results in hyperkalemia.
Increased aldosterone, as in the case of hyperaldosteronism, results in: - ANS renal retention
of sodium and water.
Aldosterone stimulates the renal tubules to increase the rate of sodium reabsorption. Because
water passively follows sodium movement, the net result is an isotonic gain in sodium and
water.
Which of the following conditions are known causes of hypokalemia? - ANS All of the above
In addition to water excretion, many diuretic drugs also stimulate electrolyte loss. Because
electrolytes such as potassium are primarily absorbed in the colon, diarrhea and reduced
absorption rates result in hypokalemia. Insulin causes potassium to shift into cells, resulting in
hypokalemia.
Which of the following alterations is evidence that the kidneys are compensating for a
respiratory acidosis condition? - ANS Elevated bicarbonate ion
Increased bicarbonate ion reflects the kidney's efforts to excrete acid and is evidence of renal
compensation for respiratory acidosis.
Hypernatremia can result from: - ANS decreased antidiuretic hormone secretion.
Decreased antidiuretic hormone secretion (called diabetes insipidus) prevents water
reabsorption in the kidneys, which results in increased serum osmolarity and hypernatremia
from water loss.
Which of the following groups of symptoms are caused by hyponatremia? - ANS Nausea,
muscle cramps, and confusion
Symptoms of hyponatremia include nausea, muscle cramps, and confusion.
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% PASS
Osmoreceptors that stimulate the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and initiate the thirst
response are found in the: - ANS hypothalamus.
Osmoreceptors, which detect an increase in blood osmolarity, stimulating the release of
antidiuretic hormone, which stimulates thirst, are found in the hypothalamus.
Which state describes the ideal proportion of electrolyte-to-water content in the body? -
ANS Isotonic
The ideal proportion of electrolyte-to-water content in the body is called an isotonic or iso-
osmolar state.
An increase in ADH secretion will result in which of the following changes? - ANS Decreased
serum sodium concentrations
ADH stimulates water reabsorption by the kidneys, which dilutes serum sodium, thus lowering
its concentration.
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026
, Which of the following electrolyte disturbances occurs with renal failure? -
ANS Hyperkalemia
In renal failure, the kidneys fail to excrete potassium, which results in hyperkalemia.
Increased aldosterone, as in the case of hyperaldosteronism, results in: - ANS renal retention
of sodium and water.
Aldosterone stimulates the renal tubules to increase the rate of sodium reabsorption. Because
water passively follows sodium movement, the net result is an isotonic gain in sodium and
water.
Which of the following conditions are known causes of hypokalemia? - ANS All of the above
In addition to water excretion, many diuretic drugs also stimulate electrolyte loss. Because
electrolytes such as potassium are primarily absorbed in the colon, diarrhea and reduced
absorption rates result in hypokalemia. Insulin causes potassium to shift into cells, resulting in
hypokalemia.
Which of the following alterations is evidence that the kidneys are compensating for a
respiratory acidosis condition? - ANS Elevated bicarbonate ion
Increased bicarbonate ion reflects the kidney's efforts to excrete acid and is evidence of renal
compensation for respiratory acidosis.
Hypernatremia can result from: - ANS decreased antidiuretic hormone secretion.
Decreased antidiuretic hormone secretion (called diabetes insipidus) prevents water
reabsorption in the kidneys, which results in increased serum osmolarity and hypernatremia
from water loss.
Which of the following groups of symptoms are caused by hyponatremia? - ANS Nausea,
muscle cramps, and confusion
Symptoms of hyponatremia include nausea, muscle cramps, and confusion.
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026
