Counseling Theories Exam 2 Questions
With Correct Answers
How |Were |Behavioral |Therapies |Founded? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--Through |experimental |
psychology
--Strong |science/research |foundation
--Based |on |learning |processes |of |animals
-Behaviorists |view |psychology |as |a |purely |objective |experimental |branch |of |natural |science. |Its
|theoretical |goal |is |the |prediction |and |control |of |behavior.
What |do |Behavioral |Therapies |Focus |on? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--A |broad |range |of |client |
behaviors |including...
--Help |clients |learn |new |and |more |appropriate |ways |of |behaving
--Help |clients |modify |or |eliminate |excessive |behaviors |(i.e. |adaptive |behaviors |replace |
maladaptive |behaviors).
What |Population |Can |Best |Benefit |from |Behavioral |Therapies? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-
Behavioral |therapies |are |commonly |used |to |support |clients |with |eating |disorders, |substance |
use |disorders, |and |psychosexual |dysfunction
What |Are |the |Common |Assumptions |of |Behavioral |Theory? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--
Behaviors |are |learned.
-People |are |assumed |to |be |neither |good |nor |bad
-Clients' |presenting |issues |are |to |be |taken |seriously
,The |Assumptions |about |Behaviors |being |Learned... |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--That |these |
behaviors |can |be |unlearned |and |relearned
-That |adaptive |and |maladaptive |behaviors |are |learned |similarly
Who |Invented |Classical |Conditioning? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Ivan |Pavlov
Who |is |Ivan |Pavlov? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--A |Russian |physiologist |who |researched |dogs' |
digestive |processes
-He |noticed |dogs |would |salivate |before |actually |tasting/eating |their |food
What |is |Classical |Conditioning? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--What |happens |prior |to |learning |that |
creates |a |response |through |pairing.
-Stimuli |must |be |presented |close |together |in |time |in |order |for |an |association |to |be |made.
-Before |conditioning, |an |unconditioned |stimulus |(dog |food) |causes |an |unconditioned |response
|(salavation). |If |a |neutral |stimulus |(a |bell) |is |introduced, |the |individual |should |give |no |
response.
-During |conditioning, |the |unconditioned |stimulus |(dog |food) |and |the |conditioning |stimulus |
(bell) |are |paired. |Since |the |unconditioned |stimulus |is |there, |you |will |see |the |unconditioned |
response |(salivation).
-After |conditioning, |the |conditioned |stimulus |(bell) |will |cause |a |conditioned |response |
(salivation).
Unconditioned |Stimulus |(US) |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--The |unconditioned |stimulus |is |one |that
|unconditionally, |naturally, |and |automatically |triggers |a |response.
--For |example, |when |you |smell |one |of |your |favorite |foods, |you |may |immediately |feel |very |
hungry. |In |this |example, |the |smell |of |the |food |is |the |unconditioned |stimulus.
--Regarding |the |dog, |the |example |is |also |food.
Unconditioned |Response |(UR) |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--The |unconditioned |response |is |the |
unlearned |response |that |occurs |naturally |in |response |to |the |unconditioned |stimulus.
,--For |example, |the |feeling |of |hunger |in |response |to |the |smell |of |food |is |the |unconditioned |
response.
--For |a |dog, |it's |salavation
Conditioned |Stimulus |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--The |conditioned |stimulus |is |a |previously |
neutral |stimulus |that, |after |becoming |associated |with |the |unconditioned |stimulus, |eventually |
comes |to |trigger |a |conditioned |response.
--For |example, |suppose |that |when |you |smelled |your |favorite |food, |you |also |heard |the |sound |
of |a |whistle. |While |the |whistle |is |unrelated |to |the |smell |of |the |food, |if |the |sound |of |the |
whistle |was |paired |multiple |times |with |the |smell, |the |whistle |sound |would |eventually |trigger |
the |conditioned |response. |In |this |case, |the |sound |of |the |whistle |is |the |conditioned |stimulus.
--For |the |dog, |the |conditioned |stimulus |would |be |a |bell |while |they |are |being |fed. |Eventually, |
with |the |sound |of |the |bell, |the |dog |will |salivate |without |the |food
Who |Created |Behaviorism? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-John |B. |Watson |(1878-1958).
Who |Was |Watson? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-American |psychologist |who |established |the |
psychological |school |of |behaviorism
How |did |Watson |feel |about |Pavlov's |work? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--He |saw |Pavlov's |work |
merely |as |a |physiological |response
-He |emphasized |external |rather |than |internal |behavior
Watson |& |Little |Albert: |What |was |Watson's |Hypothesis, |Experiment, |and |Results? |- |CORRECT |
ANSWER✔✔--Hypothesized |that |fearful |responses |children |have |to |loud |noises |are |an |innate |
unconditioned |response
--Followed |the |principles |of |classical |conditioning
-Made |children |fearful |of |stimuli |(e.g. |rabbits) |that |wouldn't |normally |elicit |such |fear
Who |Invented |Operant |Conditioning? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-B.F. |Skinner |(1904-1990)
, How |Did |Skinner |Feel |About |Classical |Conditioning? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-He |believed |
classical |conditioning |was |too |simplistic |for |a |complete |understanding |of |human |behavior
What |is |Operant |Conditioning? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--Behaviors |are |influenced |by |
consequences |that |follow |them
-Basically, |the |specific |consequences |are |associated |with |a |voluntary |behavior
--Rewards |are |introduced |to |increase |a |behavior
--Punishments |are |introduced |to |decrease |a |behavior
Positive |Reinforcement |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--Positive |reinforcers |are |favorable |events |or |
outcomes |that |are |presented |after |the |behavior.
-In |positive |reinforcement |situations, |a |response |or |behavior |is |strengthened |by |the |addition |
of |praise |or |a |direct |reward.
--Ex: |If |you |do |a |good |job |at |work |and |your |manager |gives |you |a |bonus, |that |bonus |is |a |
positive |reinforcer.
--Ex: |For |a |rat, |this |would |be |receiving |food.
Negative |Reinforcement |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--Negative |reinforcers |involve |the |removal |of |
an |unfavorable |events |or |outcomes |after |the |display |of |a |behavior. |In |these |situations, |a |
response |is |strengthened |by |the |removal |of |something |considered |unpleasant. |
--For |example, |if |your |child |starts |to |scream |in |the |middle |of |a |restaurant, |but |stops |once |you |
hand |them |a |treat, |your |action |led |to |the |removal |of |the |unpleasant |condition, |negatively |
reinforcing |your |behavior |(not |your |child's).
--For |a |rat, |this |would |be |getting |a |shock.
Positive |Punishment |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--Positive |punishment, |sometimes |referred |to |as |
punishment |by |application, |presents |an |unfavorable |event |or |outcome |in |order |to |weaken |the
|response |it |follows.
--Ex: |Spanking |for |misbehavior |is |an |example |of |punishment |by |application.
With Correct Answers
How |Were |Behavioral |Therapies |Founded? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--Through |experimental |
psychology
--Strong |science/research |foundation
--Based |on |learning |processes |of |animals
-Behaviorists |view |psychology |as |a |purely |objective |experimental |branch |of |natural |science. |Its
|theoretical |goal |is |the |prediction |and |control |of |behavior.
What |do |Behavioral |Therapies |Focus |on? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--A |broad |range |of |client |
behaviors |including...
--Help |clients |learn |new |and |more |appropriate |ways |of |behaving
--Help |clients |modify |or |eliminate |excessive |behaviors |(i.e. |adaptive |behaviors |replace |
maladaptive |behaviors).
What |Population |Can |Best |Benefit |from |Behavioral |Therapies? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-
Behavioral |therapies |are |commonly |used |to |support |clients |with |eating |disorders, |substance |
use |disorders, |and |psychosexual |dysfunction
What |Are |the |Common |Assumptions |of |Behavioral |Theory? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--
Behaviors |are |learned.
-People |are |assumed |to |be |neither |good |nor |bad
-Clients' |presenting |issues |are |to |be |taken |seriously
,The |Assumptions |about |Behaviors |being |Learned... |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--That |these |
behaviors |can |be |unlearned |and |relearned
-That |adaptive |and |maladaptive |behaviors |are |learned |similarly
Who |Invented |Classical |Conditioning? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Ivan |Pavlov
Who |is |Ivan |Pavlov? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--A |Russian |physiologist |who |researched |dogs' |
digestive |processes
-He |noticed |dogs |would |salivate |before |actually |tasting/eating |their |food
What |is |Classical |Conditioning? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--What |happens |prior |to |learning |that |
creates |a |response |through |pairing.
-Stimuli |must |be |presented |close |together |in |time |in |order |for |an |association |to |be |made.
-Before |conditioning, |an |unconditioned |stimulus |(dog |food) |causes |an |unconditioned |response
|(salavation). |If |a |neutral |stimulus |(a |bell) |is |introduced, |the |individual |should |give |no |
response.
-During |conditioning, |the |unconditioned |stimulus |(dog |food) |and |the |conditioning |stimulus |
(bell) |are |paired. |Since |the |unconditioned |stimulus |is |there, |you |will |see |the |unconditioned |
response |(salivation).
-After |conditioning, |the |conditioned |stimulus |(bell) |will |cause |a |conditioned |response |
(salivation).
Unconditioned |Stimulus |(US) |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--The |unconditioned |stimulus |is |one |that
|unconditionally, |naturally, |and |automatically |triggers |a |response.
--For |example, |when |you |smell |one |of |your |favorite |foods, |you |may |immediately |feel |very |
hungry. |In |this |example, |the |smell |of |the |food |is |the |unconditioned |stimulus.
--Regarding |the |dog, |the |example |is |also |food.
Unconditioned |Response |(UR) |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--The |unconditioned |response |is |the |
unlearned |response |that |occurs |naturally |in |response |to |the |unconditioned |stimulus.
,--For |example, |the |feeling |of |hunger |in |response |to |the |smell |of |food |is |the |unconditioned |
response.
--For |a |dog, |it's |salavation
Conditioned |Stimulus |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--The |conditioned |stimulus |is |a |previously |
neutral |stimulus |that, |after |becoming |associated |with |the |unconditioned |stimulus, |eventually |
comes |to |trigger |a |conditioned |response.
--For |example, |suppose |that |when |you |smelled |your |favorite |food, |you |also |heard |the |sound |
of |a |whistle. |While |the |whistle |is |unrelated |to |the |smell |of |the |food, |if |the |sound |of |the |
whistle |was |paired |multiple |times |with |the |smell, |the |whistle |sound |would |eventually |trigger |
the |conditioned |response. |In |this |case, |the |sound |of |the |whistle |is |the |conditioned |stimulus.
--For |the |dog, |the |conditioned |stimulus |would |be |a |bell |while |they |are |being |fed. |Eventually, |
with |the |sound |of |the |bell, |the |dog |will |salivate |without |the |food
Who |Created |Behaviorism? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-John |B. |Watson |(1878-1958).
Who |Was |Watson? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-American |psychologist |who |established |the |
psychological |school |of |behaviorism
How |did |Watson |feel |about |Pavlov's |work? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--He |saw |Pavlov's |work |
merely |as |a |physiological |response
-He |emphasized |external |rather |than |internal |behavior
Watson |& |Little |Albert: |What |was |Watson's |Hypothesis, |Experiment, |and |Results? |- |CORRECT |
ANSWER✔✔--Hypothesized |that |fearful |responses |children |have |to |loud |noises |are |an |innate |
unconditioned |response
--Followed |the |principles |of |classical |conditioning
-Made |children |fearful |of |stimuli |(e.g. |rabbits) |that |wouldn't |normally |elicit |such |fear
Who |Invented |Operant |Conditioning? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-B.F. |Skinner |(1904-1990)
, How |Did |Skinner |Feel |About |Classical |Conditioning? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-He |believed |
classical |conditioning |was |too |simplistic |for |a |complete |understanding |of |human |behavior
What |is |Operant |Conditioning? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--Behaviors |are |influenced |by |
consequences |that |follow |them
-Basically, |the |specific |consequences |are |associated |with |a |voluntary |behavior
--Rewards |are |introduced |to |increase |a |behavior
--Punishments |are |introduced |to |decrease |a |behavior
Positive |Reinforcement |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--Positive |reinforcers |are |favorable |events |or |
outcomes |that |are |presented |after |the |behavior.
-In |positive |reinforcement |situations, |a |response |or |behavior |is |strengthened |by |the |addition |
of |praise |or |a |direct |reward.
--Ex: |If |you |do |a |good |job |at |work |and |your |manager |gives |you |a |bonus, |that |bonus |is |a |
positive |reinforcer.
--Ex: |For |a |rat, |this |would |be |receiving |food.
Negative |Reinforcement |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--Negative |reinforcers |involve |the |removal |of |
an |unfavorable |events |or |outcomes |after |the |display |of |a |behavior. |In |these |situations, |a |
response |is |strengthened |by |the |removal |of |something |considered |unpleasant. |
--For |example, |if |your |child |starts |to |scream |in |the |middle |of |a |restaurant, |but |stops |once |you |
hand |them |a |treat, |your |action |led |to |the |removal |of |the |unpleasant |condition, |negatively |
reinforcing |your |behavior |(not |your |child's).
--For |a |rat, |this |would |be |getting |a |shock.
Positive |Punishment |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--Positive |punishment, |sometimes |referred |to |as |
punishment |by |application, |presents |an |unfavorable |event |or |outcome |in |order |to |weaken |the
|response |it |follows.
--Ex: |Spanking |for |misbehavior |is |an |example |of |punishment |by |application.
