LETRS EARLY CHILDHOOD NEWLY UPDATED COLLECTION OF
EXAM QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS DESIGNED TO
GUARANTEE YOUR SUCCESS ON THE LATEST TEST VERSION
1. What does LETRS stand for? Language Essentials for Teachers of
Reading and Spelling
2. What is the Simple View of Reading? Reading Comprehension =
Decoding × Language Comprehension
3. What are the two main components in the Simple View of Reading?
Word recognition (decoding) and language comprehension
4. What is Scarborough's Reading Rope? A model showing how skilled
reading comes from weaving together word recognition and language
comprehension strands
5. What are the strands in the Language Comprehension section of the
Reading Rope? Background knowledge, vocabulary, language
structures, verbal reasoning, and literacy knowledge
6. What are the strands in the Word Recognition section of the Reading
Rope? Phonological awareness, decoding, and sight recognition
7. What is the ultimate goal of reading instruction? Reading
comprehension and meaning-making
8. What does "orthography" mean? The writing system of a language,
including spelling patterns and conventions
9. What is phonology? The sound system of a language
10.What is morphology? The study of word structure and meaningful word
parts
11.What is syntax? The rules for sentence structure and word order
12.What is semantics? The meaning system of language
13.What is pragmatics? The social use of language in context
14.At what age do most children develop phonological awareness?
Between ages 3-5, continuing to develop through early elementary
,15.What percentage of students need explicit, systematic phonics
instruction? Approximately 95% of students benefit from explicit
instruction
16.What is the "Matthew Effect" in reading? The rich get richer and poor
get poorer - good readers read more and improve, while struggling
readers fall further behind
17.What are the "Big Five" components of reading instruction?
Phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension
18.What is dyslexia? A specific learning disability characterized by
difficulties with accurate and/or fluent word recognition and poor
spelling/decoding abilities
19.What is the most common cause of reading difficulties? Weakness in
phonological processing
20.What does evidence-based instruction mean? Teaching practices
supported by rigorous scientific research
21.What is the alphabetic principle? The understanding that letters and
letter patterns represent sounds in spoken words
22.What is systematic instruction? Teaching that follows a logical,
planned sequence from simple to complex
23.What is explicit instruction? Direct teaching where the teacher clearly
explains and models concepts
24.What age range is considered "early childhood"? Typically birth
through age 8 (third grade)
25.Why is early intervention important? The earlier difficulties are
addressed, the easier it is to prevent reading failure
26.What is the critical period for language development? Birth through
age 5, though language continues to develop throughout life
27.What is print awareness? Understanding how print works, including
directionality and book handling
28.What is emergent literacy? The skills, knowledge, and attitudes that
precede conventional reading and writing
29.What role does oral language play in reading? It forms the foundation
for reading comprehension and vocabulary development
, 30.What is the difference between spoken and written language? Written
language is more formal, structured, and permanent than spoken language
Section 2: Phonological Awareness (Questions 31-60)
31.What is phonological awareness? The ability to recognize and
manipulate the sound structures of spoken language
32.What is phonemic awareness? The ability to identify and manipulate
individual phonemes (the smallest units of sound)
33.Is phonological awareness the same as phonics? No, phonological
awareness involves sounds only, while phonics connects sounds to letters
34.What is a phoneme? The smallest unit of sound in a language that can
change meaning
35.How many phonemes are in the English language? Approximately 44
phonemes
36.What is a syllable? A unit of spoken language containing one vowel
sound
37.What is onset and rime? Onset is the initial consonant sound(s) in a
syllable; rime is the vowel and what follows it
38.Give an example of onset-rime in the word "cat." Onset: /c/; Rime: /at/
39.What are the levels of phonological awareness from easiest to
hardest? Word awareness, syllable awareness, onset-rime awareness,
phoneme awareness
40.What is rhyming? Recognizing or producing words with the same
ending sounds
41.What is alliteration? Words that begin with the same sound
42.What is blending? Combining individual sounds or word parts to form a
word
43.What is segmenting? Breaking words apart into individual sounds or
parts
44.What is deletion in phonological awareness? Removing a sound from a
word (e.g., "cat" without /c/ is "at")
45.What is substitution? Replacing one sound with another in a word
EXAM QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS DESIGNED TO
GUARANTEE YOUR SUCCESS ON THE LATEST TEST VERSION
1. What does LETRS stand for? Language Essentials for Teachers of
Reading and Spelling
2. What is the Simple View of Reading? Reading Comprehension =
Decoding × Language Comprehension
3. What are the two main components in the Simple View of Reading?
Word recognition (decoding) and language comprehension
4. What is Scarborough's Reading Rope? A model showing how skilled
reading comes from weaving together word recognition and language
comprehension strands
5. What are the strands in the Language Comprehension section of the
Reading Rope? Background knowledge, vocabulary, language
structures, verbal reasoning, and literacy knowledge
6. What are the strands in the Word Recognition section of the Reading
Rope? Phonological awareness, decoding, and sight recognition
7. What is the ultimate goal of reading instruction? Reading
comprehension and meaning-making
8. What does "orthography" mean? The writing system of a language,
including spelling patterns and conventions
9. What is phonology? The sound system of a language
10.What is morphology? The study of word structure and meaningful word
parts
11.What is syntax? The rules for sentence structure and word order
12.What is semantics? The meaning system of language
13.What is pragmatics? The social use of language in context
14.At what age do most children develop phonological awareness?
Between ages 3-5, continuing to develop through early elementary
,15.What percentage of students need explicit, systematic phonics
instruction? Approximately 95% of students benefit from explicit
instruction
16.What is the "Matthew Effect" in reading? The rich get richer and poor
get poorer - good readers read more and improve, while struggling
readers fall further behind
17.What are the "Big Five" components of reading instruction?
Phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension
18.What is dyslexia? A specific learning disability characterized by
difficulties with accurate and/or fluent word recognition and poor
spelling/decoding abilities
19.What is the most common cause of reading difficulties? Weakness in
phonological processing
20.What does evidence-based instruction mean? Teaching practices
supported by rigorous scientific research
21.What is the alphabetic principle? The understanding that letters and
letter patterns represent sounds in spoken words
22.What is systematic instruction? Teaching that follows a logical,
planned sequence from simple to complex
23.What is explicit instruction? Direct teaching where the teacher clearly
explains and models concepts
24.What age range is considered "early childhood"? Typically birth
through age 8 (third grade)
25.Why is early intervention important? The earlier difficulties are
addressed, the easier it is to prevent reading failure
26.What is the critical period for language development? Birth through
age 5, though language continues to develop throughout life
27.What is print awareness? Understanding how print works, including
directionality and book handling
28.What is emergent literacy? The skills, knowledge, and attitudes that
precede conventional reading and writing
29.What role does oral language play in reading? It forms the foundation
for reading comprehension and vocabulary development
, 30.What is the difference between spoken and written language? Written
language is more formal, structured, and permanent than spoken language
Section 2: Phonological Awareness (Questions 31-60)
31.What is phonological awareness? The ability to recognize and
manipulate the sound structures of spoken language
32.What is phonemic awareness? The ability to identify and manipulate
individual phonemes (the smallest units of sound)
33.Is phonological awareness the same as phonics? No, phonological
awareness involves sounds only, while phonics connects sounds to letters
34.What is a phoneme? The smallest unit of sound in a language that can
change meaning
35.How many phonemes are in the English language? Approximately 44
phonemes
36.What is a syllable? A unit of spoken language containing one vowel
sound
37.What is onset and rime? Onset is the initial consonant sound(s) in a
syllable; rime is the vowel and what follows it
38.Give an example of onset-rime in the word "cat." Onset: /c/; Rime: /at/
39.What are the levels of phonological awareness from easiest to
hardest? Word awareness, syllable awareness, onset-rime awareness,
phoneme awareness
40.What is rhyming? Recognizing or producing words with the same
ending sounds
41.What is alliteration? Words that begin with the same sound
42.What is blending? Combining individual sounds or word parts to form a
word
43.What is segmenting? Breaking words apart into individual sounds or
parts
44.What is deletion in phonological awareness? Removing a sound from a
word (e.g., "cat" without /c/ is "at")
45.What is substitution? Replacing one sound with another in a word
