NU 327 EXAM 6
NU 327 Exam 6: Musculoskeletal & Endocrine
Pathophysiology – High-Yield Test Bank with Clinical
Rationales
Functions of the skeletal system - Answer- Protection of internal organs
Provide bony attachments for muscles and ligaments
Present rigid levers to allow functional movement of the body and its separate parts
Store mineral and marrow elements for forming new blood cells
organic matrix of bone - Answer- Collagen Fibers (strength and flexibility)
Ground substance (surrounds bone cells) Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoblasts
Inorganic mineral content - Answer- Mineral salts (calcium and phosphate)
Hard, rigid structure
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, NU 327 EXAM 6
Reservoir for calcium and phosphorus
Osteon (Haversian system) - Answer- Basic unit of bone
Haversian canals allow nutrients from blood vessels to reach the osteocytes
Osteoblasts - Answer- Lay down bone
Responsible for bone growth and repair
Estrogen secretion helps regulate
Osteoclasts - Answer- Bone resorption
Tearing down the old or excess bone
Cancellous bone (trabecular) - Answer- Spongy
Thin plates
Laid down in response to stress
Accommodates loads
Compact bone (cortical) - Answer- Resistant to compression
Dense in structure
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, NU 327 EXAM 6
Periosteum - Answer- Vascular
Inner layer contains
osteoblasts
Covers the entire bone except for the ends
long bone - Answer-
Wolff's law - Answer- Bone is laid down where it is needed and resorbed where it is not
needed
Why is this important?
Immobilized bone or persons on bedrest are not subject to stress
Bone-resorbing activity
increases (osteoclasts)
Increased risk for fractures
Increased risk for falls
Geriatric Considerations - Answer- Increased bone resorption and decreased bone
formation
-Osteoporosis
Increased bone circumference
-Pelvis widening
3|Page
, NU 327 EXAM 6
Dehydration of intravertebral disks
-Kyphosis
-Decreased height
Erosion and thinning of cartilage
-Synovial membrane fibrosis
Cartilage - Answer- Dense connective tissue
Supports, shapes, and cushions body structures
Avascular
Tendons - Answer- Attach bones to muscles
Allow movement
Ligaments - Answer- Connect bones to bones
Provide stability to joints
Bursae - Answer- Small sac synovial fluid around joints & between tendons, ligaments,
bone
Located in areas of high friction-acts as a cushion
Types of joints which determine the ROM of a joint - Answer- 1. Synarthroses
4|Page
NU 327 Exam 6: Musculoskeletal & Endocrine
Pathophysiology – High-Yield Test Bank with Clinical
Rationales
Functions of the skeletal system - Answer- Protection of internal organs
Provide bony attachments for muscles and ligaments
Present rigid levers to allow functional movement of the body and its separate parts
Store mineral and marrow elements for forming new blood cells
organic matrix of bone - Answer- Collagen Fibers (strength and flexibility)
Ground substance (surrounds bone cells) Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoblasts
Inorganic mineral content - Answer- Mineral salts (calcium and phosphate)
Hard, rigid structure
1|Page
, NU 327 EXAM 6
Reservoir for calcium and phosphorus
Osteon (Haversian system) - Answer- Basic unit of bone
Haversian canals allow nutrients from blood vessels to reach the osteocytes
Osteoblasts - Answer- Lay down bone
Responsible for bone growth and repair
Estrogen secretion helps regulate
Osteoclasts - Answer- Bone resorption
Tearing down the old or excess bone
Cancellous bone (trabecular) - Answer- Spongy
Thin plates
Laid down in response to stress
Accommodates loads
Compact bone (cortical) - Answer- Resistant to compression
Dense in structure
2|Page
, NU 327 EXAM 6
Periosteum - Answer- Vascular
Inner layer contains
osteoblasts
Covers the entire bone except for the ends
long bone - Answer-
Wolff's law - Answer- Bone is laid down where it is needed and resorbed where it is not
needed
Why is this important?
Immobilized bone or persons on bedrest are not subject to stress
Bone-resorbing activity
increases (osteoclasts)
Increased risk for fractures
Increased risk for falls
Geriatric Considerations - Answer- Increased bone resorption and decreased bone
formation
-Osteoporosis
Increased bone circumference
-Pelvis widening
3|Page
, NU 327 EXAM 6
Dehydration of intravertebral disks
-Kyphosis
-Decreased height
Erosion and thinning of cartilage
-Synovial membrane fibrosis
Cartilage - Answer- Dense connective tissue
Supports, shapes, and cushions body structures
Avascular
Tendons - Answer- Attach bones to muscles
Allow movement
Ligaments - Answer- Connect bones to bones
Provide stability to joints
Bursae - Answer- Small sac synovial fluid around joints & between tendons, ligaments,
bone
Located in areas of high friction-acts as a cushion
Types of joints which determine the ROM of a joint - Answer- 1. Synarthroses
4|Page
