Microbiology 303 Exam queries and
answers graded A+
Discovered cells, wrote book "Micrographia" about microscopic organisms - ANS✅✅Robert Hooke
Created the microscope, first to observe microorganisms, described what he saw as "little animals",
observed RBCs and lake water, there weren't methods of bacteria cultivation yet so he was pretty
ahead of his time - ANS✅✅Anton von Leuwenhoek
first to isolate a disease-causing organism (anthrax)
developed germ theory of disease with Louis Pasteur - ANS✅✅Robert Koch
discovered that agar was a great medium to use for incubation of microbes - ANS✅✅Angelina and
Walter Hesse
few microbes able to degrade it, high melting temp (100C), remains molten at temps above 45C,
after solidification won't melt until 100C - ANS✅✅benefits of agar as a solidifying agent
first demonstration of a vaccine, inoculated his gardener's child with cowpox and he developed
protection from smallpox (control: milkmaids who were contracting cowpox but not small pox) -
ANS✅✅Edward Jenner
discovered pasteurization (heating vat before fermentation to kill lactic acid bacterium and yeast
survives -- wine study)
proposed germ theory of disease - ANS✅✅Louis Pasteur
infectious diseases are caused by living microorganisms getting passed between people (specific
microbes cause specific diseases) - ANS✅✅germ theory of disease
- ANS✅✅Carl Woese
isolated first extreme thermophiles (microorganisms that can survive temps over 80C)
, Thermus aquaticus (capable of growth at 85C, tough enzymes, DNA polymerase within them found
to be very heat stable, lead to PCR development) - ANS✅✅Thomas Brock
biological impact
basic research
medical importance
food
biotechnology - ANS✅✅6 reasons why we study microbes
common evolutionary origin of all organisms, good model organisms because can grow many quickly
- ANS✅✅why microorganisms are good models of biological systems
99.99% - ANS✅✅life on planet is ____% microbial by number of organisms
17% - ANS✅✅life on planet is ____% microbial by biomass
1-10 micrometers - ANS✅✅typical size of bacterial cell
10-100 micrometers - ANS✅✅typical size of eukaryotic cell
bacillus (rod), cocci (sphere) - ANS✅✅typical bacterial cell shapes
spirochete (corkscrew), amorphous (blobs), square, stalks and bunches - ANS✅✅unusual bacterial
cell shapes
cause many diseases (25% worldwide mortality)
many beneficial for human health (ex. gut) - ANS✅✅why microorganisms are medically important
fermented food products - wine, chocolate, cheese, bread, beer, kimchi
impact soil health and agricultural productivity - ANS✅✅impact of microorganisms on our food
fatty acids, hopanoid, phospholipid - ANS✅✅basic membrane structural components
answers graded A+
Discovered cells, wrote book "Micrographia" about microscopic organisms - ANS✅✅Robert Hooke
Created the microscope, first to observe microorganisms, described what he saw as "little animals",
observed RBCs and lake water, there weren't methods of bacteria cultivation yet so he was pretty
ahead of his time - ANS✅✅Anton von Leuwenhoek
first to isolate a disease-causing organism (anthrax)
developed germ theory of disease with Louis Pasteur - ANS✅✅Robert Koch
discovered that agar was a great medium to use for incubation of microbes - ANS✅✅Angelina and
Walter Hesse
few microbes able to degrade it, high melting temp (100C), remains molten at temps above 45C,
after solidification won't melt until 100C - ANS✅✅benefits of agar as a solidifying agent
first demonstration of a vaccine, inoculated his gardener's child with cowpox and he developed
protection from smallpox (control: milkmaids who were contracting cowpox but not small pox) -
ANS✅✅Edward Jenner
discovered pasteurization (heating vat before fermentation to kill lactic acid bacterium and yeast
survives -- wine study)
proposed germ theory of disease - ANS✅✅Louis Pasteur
infectious diseases are caused by living microorganisms getting passed between people (specific
microbes cause specific diseases) - ANS✅✅germ theory of disease
- ANS✅✅Carl Woese
isolated first extreme thermophiles (microorganisms that can survive temps over 80C)
, Thermus aquaticus (capable of growth at 85C, tough enzymes, DNA polymerase within them found
to be very heat stable, lead to PCR development) - ANS✅✅Thomas Brock
biological impact
basic research
medical importance
food
biotechnology - ANS✅✅6 reasons why we study microbes
common evolutionary origin of all organisms, good model organisms because can grow many quickly
- ANS✅✅why microorganisms are good models of biological systems
99.99% - ANS✅✅life on planet is ____% microbial by number of organisms
17% - ANS✅✅life on planet is ____% microbial by biomass
1-10 micrometers - ANS✅✅typical size of bacterial cell
10-100 micrometers - ANS✅✅typical size of eukaryotic cell
bacillus (rod), cocci (sphere) - ANS✅✅typical bacterial cell shapes
spirochete (corkscrew), amorphous (blobs), square, stalks and bunches - ANS✅✅unusual bacterial
cell shapes
cause many diseases (25% worldwide mortality)
many beneficial for human health (ex. gut) - ANS✅✅why microorganisms are medically important
fermented food products - wine, chocolate, cheese, bread, beer, kimchi
impact soil health and agricultural productivity - ANS✅✅impact of microorganisms on our food
fatty acids, hopanoid, phospholipid - ANS✅✅basic membrane structural components
