BIO 230 Exam 4 (Final) Questions With
Correct Answers
Explain |the |progressive |reduction |observed |in |the |gametophyte |generation |of |vascular |plants.
|- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--angiosperms |have |the |most |reduced |gametophyte |(only |7 |cells!)
What |advantages |does |the |sporophyte |have |for |reproductive |success |compared |to |the |
gametophyte? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--enhanced |dispersal |and |creation |of |spores
-have |vascular |tissue |and |can |grow |larger |than |a |gametophyte |could
Gymnosperm |Life |Cycle |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--seed |grows |into |adult |sporophyte
-microspores |form |a |tetrad |(3) |through |meiosis
-tetrad |develops |into |pollen |with |a |tube |and |generative |cell
-megaspores |divide |into |4 |through |meiosis, |only |one |is |functional
-pollen |lands |and |tube |grows |into |the |egg
-embryo |develops
Angiosperm |Life |Cycle |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--seed |grows |into |a |sporophyte |(plant)
-plant |grows |flowers
-four |haploid |microspores |are |formed |in |the |anthers
-a |pollen |grain |is |made |from |one |generative |microspore |cell |and |one |vegetative, |tube |cell
-generative |cell |divides |to |form |two |sperm
-four |megaspores |are |made |in |the |ovule, |all |but |one |die. |The |last |one |is |the |
megagametophyte.-pollen |gets |to |the |stigma |and |creates |a |pollen |tube |that |grows |into |the |
ovary
,-one |sperm |pollinates |the |egg, |the |other |creates |endosperm
-embryo |develops |into |a |seed |and |the |seed |is |shed |by |the |fruit
Discuss |the |significance |of |heterospory |- |why |was |it |essential |to |the |evolution |of |the |seed? |
What |advantages |does |it |confer? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Advantages: |more |genetic |
recombination |as |outcrossing |is |required, |more |nutrients |in |each |spore, |gametophyte |is |better
|protected. |Heterospory |is |essential |because |the |ovule |is |packaged |into |a |seed |and |needs |
certain |requirements |for |fertilization |to |occur
Gymnosperms |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--gymno |= |naked
-sperm |= |seed
-monophyletic |now, |paraphyletic |if |we |include |extinct |species
-4 |extant |groups: |cycads, |ginkgos, |conifers, |gnetophytes
What |is |an |ovule? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Structure |in |seed |plants |containing |the |female |
gametophyte |with |with |the |egg |cell, |all |surrounded |by |the |nucellus |and |one |or |two |
integuments. |A |mature |ovule |becomes |a |seed
What |is |a |seed? |What |are |the |advantages |of |a |seed? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--A |mature |egg |
with |an |embryo
-nucellus |that |acts |as |stored |food |for |the |embryo
Pros: |Protection, |don't |need |water |for |fertilization
Embryo |structure |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--radicle: |forms |into |roots
-hypocotyl: |area |between |cotyledons |and |radicle
-cotyledons: |develop |into |leaves
-epicotyl: |center |of |cotyledons |where |the |meristem |will |be
, What |is |significant |about |the |hypocotyl? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-It |is |the |first |thing |to |emerge
|from |the |seed
List |and |explain |the |7 |significant |steps |that |led |to |evolution |of |the |ovule |(pg. |431) |- |CORRECT |
ANSWER✔✔-1. |megasporangium |retains |rather |than |releases |the |megaspores
2. |Megaspores |in |megasporangium |is |reduced |to |one
3. |1/4 |megaspores |survives
4. |single |megaspore |forms |a |single |megagametophyte
5. |embryo |develops |within |the |megagametophyte
6. |integument |surrounds |the |megasporangium |except |at |the |micropyle
7. |apex |modified |to |receive |microspores |(pollen)
Pollination |vs. |Fertilization |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Pollination: |transfer |from |pollen |to |female |
gametophyte
Fertilization: |joining |of |sperm |and |egg
Progymnosperms |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--pro |= |before
-no |seeds
-all |extinct |now
-some |homosporous, |some |heterosporous
-first |bifacial |vascular |cambium
Secondary |growth |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--produced |by |lateral |meristem |(bifacial |vascular |
cambium)
-initial |cells |divide, |inside |becomes |xylem, |outside |becomes |phloem
-this |is |found |in |the |progymnosperms |gymnosperms, |and |some |angiosperms
Correct Answers
Explain |the |progressive |reduction |observed |in |the |gametophyte |generation |of |vascular |plants.
|- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--angiosperms |have |the |most |reduced |gametophyte |(only |7 |cells!)
What |advantages |does |the |sporophyte |have |for |reproductive |success |compared |to |the |
gametophyte? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--enhanced |dispersal |and |creation |of |spores
-have |vascular |tissue |and |can |grow |larger |than |a |gametophyte |could
Gymnosperm |Life |Cycle |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--seed |grows |into |adult |sporophyte
-microspores |form |a |tetrad |(3) |through |meiosis
-tetrad |develops |into |pollen |with |a |tube |and |generative |cell
-megaspores |divide |into |4 |through |meiosis, |only |one |is |functional
-pollen |lands |and |tube |grows |into |the |egg
-embryo |develops
Angiosperm |Life |Cycle |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--seed |grows |into |a |sporophyte |(plant)
-plant |grows |flowers
-four |haploid |microspores |are |formed |in |the |anthers
-a |pollen |grain |is |made |from |one |generative |microspore |cell |and |one |vegetative, |tube |cell
-generative |cell |divides |to |form |two |sperm
-four |megaspores |are |made |in |the |ovule, |all |but |one |die. |The |last |one |is |the |
megagametophyte.-pollen |gets |to |the |stigma |and |creates |a |pollen |tube |that |grows |into |the |
ovary
,-one |sperm |pollinates |the |egg, |the |other |creates |endosperm
-embryo |develops |into |a |seed |and |the |seed |is |shed |by |the |fruit
Discuss |the |significance |of |heterospory |- |why |was |it |essential |to |the |evolution |of |the |seed? |
What |advantages |does |it |confer? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Advantages: |more |genetic |
recombination |as |outcrossing |is |required, |more |nutrients |in |each |spore, |gametophyte |is |better
|protected. |Heterospory |is |essential |because |the |ovule |is |packaged |into |a |seed |and |needs |
certain |requirements |for |fertilization |to |occur
Gymnosperms |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--gymno |= |naked
-sperm |= |seed
-monophyletic |now, |paraphyletic |if |we |include |extinct |species
-4 |extant |groups: |cycads, |ginkgos, |conifers, |gnetophytes
What |is |an |ovule? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Structure |in |seed |plants |containing |the |female |
gametophyte |with |with |the |egg |cell, |all |surrounded |by |the |nucellus |and |one |or |two |
integuments. |A |mature |ovule |becomes |a |seed
What |is |a |seed? |What |are |the |advantages |of |a |seed? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--A |mature |egg |
with |an |embryo
-nucellus |that |acts |as |stored |food |for |the |embryo
Pros: |Protection, |don't |need |water |for |fertilization
Embryo |structure |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--radicle: |forms |into |roots
-hypocotyl: |area |between |cotyledons |and |radicle
-cotyledons: |develop |into |leaves
-epicotyl: |center |of |cotyledons |where |the |meristem |will |be
, What |is |significant |about |the |hypocotyl? |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-It |is |the |first |thing |to |emerge
|from |the |seed
List |and |explain |the |7 |significant |steps |that |led |to |evolution |of |the |ovule |(pg. |431) |- |CORRECT |
ANSWER✔✔-1. |megasporangium |retains |rather |than |releases |the |megaspores
2. |Megaspores |in |megasporangium |is |reduced |to |one
3. |1/4 |megaspores |survives
4. |single |megaspore |forms |a |single |megagametophyte
5. |embryo |develops |within |the |megagametophyte
6. |integument |surrounds |the |megasporangium |except |at |the |micropyle
7. |apex |modified |to |receive |microspores |(pollen)
Pollination |vs. |Fertilization |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔-Pollination: |transfer |from |pollen |to |female |
gametophyte
Fertilization: |joining |of |sperm |and |egg
Progymnosperms |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--pro |= |before
-no |seeds
-all |extinct |now
-some |homosporous, |some |heterosporous
-first |bifacial |vascular |cambium
Secondary |growth |- |CORRECT |ANSWER✔✔--produced |by |lateral |meristem |(bifacial |vascular |
cambium)
-initial |cells |divide, |inside |becomes |xylem, |outside |becomes |phloem
-this |is |found |in |the |progymnosperms |gymnosperms, |and |some |angiosperms
